THE ROLE OF PREDATION IN DISEASE CONTROL: A COMPARISON OF SELECTIVE AND NONSELECTIVE REMOVAL ON PRION DISEASE DYNAMICS IN DEER

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Wild ◽  
N. Thompson Hobbs ◽  
Mark S. Graham ◽  
Michael W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Prion Disease ◽  
Disease Dynamics

Soft Tissue Sarcoma: The Important Role of Initial MRI Reports for Disease Control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Weiß ◽  
A Korthaus ◽  
K-H Frosch ◽  
C Schlickewei ◽  
M Priemel
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissue Sarcoma ◽  
Disease Control

scholarly journals Role of Elicitors in Inducing Resistance in Plants against Pathogen Infection: A Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Thakur ◽  
Baldev Singh Sohal
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Plant Invaders ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Causative Agents

Disease control is largely based on the use of fungicides, bactericides, and insecticides—chemical compounds toxic to plant invaders, causative agents, or vectors of plant diseases. However, the hazardous effect of these chemicals or their degradation products on the environment and human health strongly necessitates the search for new, harmless means of disease control. There must be some natural phenomenon of induced resistance to protect plants from disease. Elicitors are compounds, which activate chemical defense in plants. Various biosynthetic pathways are activated in treated plants depending on the compound used. Commonly tested chemical elicitors are salicylic acid, methyl salicylate, benzothiadiazole, benzoic acid, chitosan, and so forth which affect production of phenolic compounds and activation of various defense-related enzymes in plants. Their introduction into agricultural practice could minimize the scope of chemical control, thus contributing to the development of sustainable agriculture. This paper chiefly highlights the uses of elicitors aiming to draw sufficient attention of researchers to the frontier research needed in this context.

Novel Therapeutic Mechanism of Action of Metformin and Its Nanoformulation in Alzheimer's Disease and Role of AKT/ERK/GSK Pathway.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish Kumar ◽  
Amitava Chakrabarti ◽  
Phulen Sarma ◽  
Manish Modi ◽  
Dibyajyoti Banerjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hyperphosphorylated Tau ◽  
Days Of Therapy

Abstract Background: Insulin resistance in brain plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metformin is a blood brain barrier crossing anti-diabetic insulin-sensitizer drug. Current study has evaluated the therapeutic and mechanistic role of conventional as well as solid lipid nanoformulation (SLN) of metformin in intracerebro ventricular (ICV) Aβ (1-42) rat-model of AD. Methods: SLN-metformin was prepared by the micro-emulsification method and further evaluated by zetasizer and scanning electron-microscopy. In the animal experimental phase, AD was induced by bilateral ICV injection of Aβ using stereotaxic technique, whereas control group (sham) received ICV-NS. 14 days post-model induction, ICV- Aβ treated rats were further divided into 5 groups: disease control (no treatment), Metformin dose of (50mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 150 mg/kg), SLN of metformin 50mg/kg and memantine 1.8mg/kg (positive-control). Animals were tested for cognitive performance (in EPM, MWM) after 21 days of therapy, and then sacrificed. Brain homogenate was evaluated using ELISA for (Aβ (1-42), hyperphosphorylated tau, pAKTser473, GSK-3β, p-ERK,) and HPLC (metformin level). Brain histopathology was used to evaluate neuronal injury score (H&E) and Bcl2 and BAX (IHC). Results: The average size of SLN-metformin was <200 nm and was of spherical in shape with 94.08% entrapment efficiency. Compared to sham, the disease-control group showed significantly higher (p≤0.05) memory impairment (in MWM and EPM), higher hyperphosphorylated tau, Aβ (1-42), and Bax and lower Bcl-2 expression. Metformin was detectable in brain. Treatment with metformin and its SLN form significantly decreased the memory impairment as well as decreased the expression of hyperphosphorylated tau, Aβ(1-42), Bax expression and increased expression of Bcl-2 in brain. AKT-ERK-GSK3β-Hyperphosphorylated tau pathway can be implicated in the protective efficacy of metformin. Conclusion: Both metformin and SLN metformin is found to be effective as therapeutic agent in ICV-AB rat model of AD. AKT-ERK-GSK3β-Hyperphosphorylated tau pathway is found to be involved in the protective efficacy of metformin.

scholarly journals Optimal control approaches for combining medicines and mosquito control in tackling dengue

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 181843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Rawson ◽  
Kym E. Wilkins ◽  
Michael B. Bonsall
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Vector Ecology ◽  
Dengue Disease ◽  
The Impact

Dengue is a debilitating and devastating viral infection spread by mosquito vectors, and over half the world’s population currently live at risk of dengue (and other flavivirus) infections. Here, we use an integrated epidemiological and vector ecology framework to predict optimal approaches for tackling dengue. Our aim is to investigate how vector control and/or vaccination strategies can be best combined and implemented for dengue disease control on small networks, and whether these optimal strategies differ under different circumstances. We show that a combination of vaccination programmes and the release of genetically modified self-limiting mosquitoes (comparable to sterile insect approaches) is always considered the most beneficial strategy for reducing the number of infected individuals, owing to both methods having differing impacts on the underlying disease dynamics. Additionally, depending on the impact of human movement on the disease dynamics, the optimal way to combat the spread of dengue is to focus prevention efforts on large population centres. Using mathematical frameworks, such as optimal control, are essential in developing predictive management and mitigation strategies for dengue disease control.

The Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance as a Public Matter of Concern: A Swedish History of a “Transformative Event”

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedvig Gröndal
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Professional Organization ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
History Of ◽  
Swedish History

ArgumentThis article examines how antimicrobial resistance (AMR) came to be constituted as a matter of public concern in Sweden in conjunction with the development of an inter-professional organization called Strama, founded to promote rational prescription of antibiotics. An outbreak of penicillin-resistant pneumococci in the mid-1990s was crucial for this development, because it brought attention to AMR as an urgent public threat. This outbreak fuelled the constitution of AMR as caused by consumption of antibiotics and as a matter of disease control. As a consequence, Strama was able to mobilize the Swedish health officers responsible for disease control. The outbreak is conceptualized as a “transformative event” – an event that makes an issue and its associated risks concrete and urgent. Transformative events play the crucial role of expediting the transformation of issues into matters of public concern.

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