Transforming Ussuri
This chapter explores how Ussuri, the most populous district of the Maritime Province, was settled by Koreans, Russians, and Chinese. It accounts for state-directed migration programs that pulled or pushed each ethnic group and other significant factors that shaped patterns of mobility, including the environment, geography, and cross-border networks. Each group’s experience of migration and settlement was guided by a distinct set of circumstances. Most Russians who settled in the Maritime came from the Black Sea region and traveled through state resettlement programs. Chinese migration was cyclical and temporary in nature; Chinese tended to labor on large-scale enterprises in the frontier economy of the Russian Far East. Koreans were the most natural colonists in the Maritime. They worked and settled primarily in the countryside. The close proximity of Korea and established population base of Koreans in Ussuri facilitated the rise of seasonal migration and of cross-border networks.