How Leader-Specific Reputations Form and Change across Repeated Interactions

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-69
Author(s):  
Danielle L. Lupton
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Factors ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Future Action ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Strategic Interest

This chapter examines how perceptions of a leader's resolve form and change across multiple hypothetical interactions. By using a survey experiment, it reveals that statements create expectations of future action, which then interact with a leader's subsequent behavior to influence participants' perceptions of that leader's resolve. The results further show that early perceptions of a leader's resolve are significantly correlated with participants' later assessments of that leader's resolve, indicating that early interactions and the perceptions that stem from those interactions are highly influential to leader-specific reputational assessments within the experiment. In other words, first impressions matter, as they influence later assessments. Moreover, only certain contextual factors—namely, a preexisting state reputation and state strategic interest in the issue under dispute—create expectations of leader resolve within the experiment. These expectations then interact with a leader's statements and behavior to influence participants' assessments of resolve.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-162
Author(s):  
Danielle L. Lupton
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Crisis Bargaining ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Strategic Interest

This concluding chapter summarizes the findings of the experiments and case studies in the previous chapters, discussing their implications for the study of reputation for resolve and the debate between reputation supporters and skeptics. The evidence from across the experiments and case studies shows that leaders can indeed acquire individual reputations for resolve. While these reputations are rooted in a leader's statements and behavior, they can be influenced by certain contextual factors—primarily a preexisting state reputation for resolve and the state's strategic interest in an issue under dispute. Yet, these two contextual factors influence leader reputations by interacting with a leader's own statements and behavior. Moreover, these leader-specific reputational assessments can affect the negotiating and crisis bargaining strategies individual leaders pursue. Leaders, therefore, are not wrong to care about their personal reputations for resolve or to believe that their reputations for resolve influence international politics. The chapter then explains how policymakers can best communicate their resolve to make themselves and their states less vulnerable to international threats.

How Contextual Factors Influence Leader-Specific Reputations

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-88
Author(s):  
Danielle L. Lupton
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
And Behavior

This chapter evaluates how key contextual factors and the actions of a new leader's predecessor directly affect assessments of a new leader's resolve. Using another survey experiment, it reveals that only two contextual factors—state reputation and state interest in an issue under dispute—consistently influence leader-specific reputations. The experiment further shows interesting patterns under which these two contextual factors affect leader reputational assessments within the experiment. In particular, it is the state's past actions or communicated interest in an issue under dispute combined with a leader's subsequent statements and behavior that influences leader reputations—echoing the results from the previous chapter. In addition, the experiment demonstrates that perceptions of a new leader's resolve emerge independently of the actions of that leader's predecessor, providing direct evidence to support the underlying assumption of this book's theory that new leaders establish reputations for resolve that are distinct from those of their predecessors and of their states.

scholarly journals Investigation of the identity of the victim in the investigation of crimes committed with the threat of violence

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-168
Author(s):  
Elena Makarova
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Forensic Identification ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
Criminal Intent ◽  
Forensic Psychiatric ◽  
And Behavior

During the investigation of crimes, the investigator must establish all the circumstances to be proved (article 73 of the criminal procedure code), including the data on the victim. The criminalistic characterization of violent crimes will be complete only if it is supplemented with victimological features, since the personality and behavior of the victim are elements of the external environment that forms criminal intent and the choice of criminal ways to implement it. The use of victimological analysis helps the investigator to put forward versions about the offender and the motives for committing the crime, to determine the tactics of individual investigative actions, to predict the investigative situation and to timely resolve the issue of the application of security measures. In some cases, information about the victim allows to establish data on the identity of the perpetrator, the motives for committing the crime, the reasons for choosing the method of violence, etc. Data on the identity of the victim in the Commission of violent socially dangerous acts is established by forensic (technical-forensic and tactical-forensic), forensic (identification methods, anthropological), forensic-psychiatric (experimental-psychological, clinical-psychopathological) and forensic-procedural methods of cognition. On the example of the criminal cases of robberies studied by the author, it is established that the choice of the method of personality research is largely determined by the method of committing the crime and the subsequent behavior of the victim after committing a criminal act against her. Victimological aspects should be established and taken into account by the investigator during the investigation of criminal cases, the judge - when imposing punishment. Only such an approach can ensure a full, objective and comprehensive investigation of a criminal case and take the necessary preventive measures.

A Field Investigation of Causal Relations among Cognitions, Affect, Intentions, and Behavior

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Bagozzi
Keyword(s):  
Information Integration ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
New Method ◽  
Expectancy Value ◽  
Causal Relations ◽  
Current Information ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
And Behavior

A new method for representing attitudinal reactions is developed and related to current information integration approaches. Hypotheses are tested about the effects of expectancy-value measures and affect toward the act on intentions and subsequent behavior. The findings lead to a modification and extension of current attitudinal models and their relation to intentions and behavior.

Brother or Burden: An Experiment on Reducing Prejudice Toward Syrian Refugees in Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egor Lazarev ◽  
Kunaal Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Citizens Attitudes

Can emphasis on shared religion reduce out-group prejudice? To explore this question, we conducted a survey experiment on the effect of religious primes on Turkish citizens’ attitudes and behavior toward Syrian refugees in Istanbul and Gaziantep. We used a factorial design to compare the independent and interactive effects of primes emphasizing refugees’ Sunni or Muslim identity and a factual statement on the economic cost of the refugees. We find that religious primes increase respondents’ level of donations to a charity supporting Syrian refugees and certain attitudinal measures of support for the refugees. We also uncovered a differential impact among the Sunni and Muslim primes and found that the statement of economic cost removed the pro-refugee effect of religious primes.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Printed PLA and PLA/PHA Dumbbell-Shaped Specimens: Material Defects and Their Impact on Degradation Behavior

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Rydz ◽  
Jakub Włodarczyk ◽  
Jennifer Gonzalez Ausejo ◽  
Marta Musioł ◽  
Wanda Sikorska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hydrolytic Degradation ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Polymer Properties ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Printing Direction

The use of (bio)degradable polymers, especially in medical applications, requires a proper understanding of their properties and behavior in various environments. Structural elements made of such polymers may be exposed to changing environmental conditions, which may cause defects. That is why it is so important to determine the effect of processing conditions on polymer properties and also their subsequent behavior during degradation. This paper presents original research on a specimen’s damage during 70 days of hydrolytic degradation. During a standard hydrolytic degradation study of polylactide and polylactide/polyhydroxyalkanoate dumbbell-shaped specimens obtained by 3D printing with two different processing build directions, exhibited unexpected shrinkage phenomena in the last degradation series, representing approximately 50% of the length of the specimens irrespective of the printing direction. Therefore, the continuation of previous ex-ante research of advanced polymer materials is presented to identify any possible defects before they arise and to minimize the potential failures of novel polymer products during their use and also during degradation. Studies on the impact of a specific processing method, i.e., processing parameters and conditions, on the properties expressed in molar mass and thermal properties changes of specimens obtained by three-dimensional printing from polyester-based filaments, and in particular on the occurrence of unexpected shrinkage phenomena after post-processing heat treatment, are presented.

Power as Active Self

2018 ◽  
pp. 644-670
Author(s):  
Ana Guinote ◽  
Serena Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

Philosophers, scientists, policymakers, and the public have questioned about who ascends to power and how power affects the person. This chapter reviews and discusses social–cognitive literature from the last decade or so that examines how dispositions and contextual factors affect the emergence of power and how having power affects the links between dispositions and behavior. Following a process-based perspective that contemplates the cognitive strategies of people in power, a model is proposed of power as a magnifier of the active self—that is, the subset of self-knowledge that is active on a moment-to-moment basis. The active self channels attention and action in line with priorities and plays a key role in action facilitation and goal-directed behavior. The active self is responsive to chronic dispositions, emotions, and current states of the person and to inputs from the environment in a flexible manner. Extant research is integrated based on this model.

Disentangling the Trait and State Components of Professional Skepticism: Specifying a Process for State Scale Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shani N. Robinson ◽  
Mary B. Curtis ◽  
Jesse C. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Divergent Validity ◽  
Professional Skepticism ◽  
Convergent And Divergent Validity ◽  
Ps Scale ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
State Scale

SUMMARY In recent years, professional skepticism (PS) has drawn extensive attention from both regulators and academics. While prior research theorizes that both stable personality traits and temporary states influence PS (e.g., Hurtt 2010; Nelson 2009), this literature tends to focus on either trait PS or contextual factors that influence judgments and behavior without disentangling the trait and state components of PS. We propose that state PS is a distinct construct from trait PS and provide the first measure of state PS. We validate our process for measuring state PS using rigorous analyses, demonstrating convergent and divergent validity with data collected from both professional and student samples. Furthermore, we replicate the Hurtt (2010) trait PS scale, which forms the basis for our state PS measure. Future researchers can employ our measure or, alternatively, replicate our process for measuring state PS in various experimental contexts. Data Availability: Contact the corresponding author.

scholarly journals The Matching Hierarchies Model: Evidence from a Survey Experiment on Employers’ Hiring Intent Regarding Immigrant Applicants

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Auer ◽  
Giuliano Bonoli ◽  
Flavia Fossati ◽  
Fabienne Liechti
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Labor Market Integration ◽  
Immigrant Background ◽  
Model Evidence

We seek to understand why immigrants encounter labor market integration difficulties and thus propose a model that combines ethnic and occupational rankings to predict which candidates employers will favor for particular occupations (a matching hierarchies model). In a Swiss survey experiment, we found that employers’ evaluations of non-natives follow sociocultural distance perceptions and that a non-native background is a disadvantage mainly in high-skilled occupations. In low-skilled occupations, having an immigrant background is less detrimental. In elucidating disadvantage patterns, we conclude that it is important to consider contextual factors (occupational hierarchies) that may change the nature of nationality-based discrimination.

An Affect-Trust (A-T) Model With Regards to Technological Errors

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1150-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayle Schwark ◽  
Stephen Rice
Keyword(s):  
Trust Model ◽  
Smoke Detector ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Multiple Process ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Much research has differentiated between the effects of automation false alarms and misses on operator trust and subsequent behavior. Further research has demonstrated that trust is a multiple-process construct that mediates the relationship between automation errors and behavior. The purpose of the current study was to expand on this model by incorporating affect as a mediating variable between smoke detector errors and trust. This expanded model, which we refer to as the Affect-Trust model, is supported by two experiments. The experiments involved mediation analyses, which revealed that affect almost totally mediates the relationship between both types of smoke detector errors and trust.

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