How Contextual Factors Influence Leader-Specific Reputations

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-88
Author(s):  
Danielle L. Lupton
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
And Behavior

This chapter evaluates how key contextual factors and the actions of a new leader's predecessor directly affect assessments of a new leader's resolve. Using another survey experiment, it reveals that only two contextual factors—state reputation and state interest in an issue under dispute—consistently influence leader-specific reputations. The experiment further shows interesting patterns under which these two contextual factors affect leader reputational assessments within the experiment. In particular, it is the state's past actions or communicated interest in an issue under dispute combined with a leader's subsequent statements and behavior that influences leader reputations—echoing the results from the previous chapter. In addition, the experiment demonstrates that perceptions of a new leader's resolve emerge independently of the actions of that leader's predecessor, providing direct evidence to support the underlying assumption of this book's theory that new leaders establish reputations for resolve that are distinct from those of their predecessors and of their states.

How Leader-Specific Reputations Form and Change across Repeated Interactions

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-69
Author(s):  
Danielle L. Lupton
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Factors ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Future Action ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Strategic Interest

This chapter examines how perceptions of a leader's resolve form and change across multiple hypothetical interactions. By using a survey experiment, it reveals that statements create expectations of future action, which then interact with a leader's subsequent behavior to influence participants' perceptions of that leader's resolve. The results further show that early perceptions of a leader's resolve are significantly correlated with participants' later assessments of that leader's resolve, indicating that early interactions and the perceptions that stem from those interactions are highly influential to leader-specific reputational assessments within the experiment. In other words, first impressions matter, as they influence later assessments. Moreover, only certain contextual factors—namely, a preexisting state reputation and state strategic interest in the issue under dispute—create expectations of leader resolve within the experiment. These expectations then interact with a leader's statements and behavior to influence participants' assessments of resolve.

scholarly journals Support of Workplace Diversity Policies: The Role of Race, Gender, and Beliefs about Inequality

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Scarborough ◽  
Danny Lambouths ◽  
Allyson Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Workplace Diversity ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Workplace Policies ◽  
Levels Of Support ◽  
Analyze Data

Workplace diversity policies are more effective when they are supported by managers and workers, but there is little direct evidence on how people feel about these policies or why they hold certain opinions. In this study, we analyze data from a survey experiment designed to assess public opinion about a range of workplace diversity policies. We examine how support for these policies among employed respondents varies by race, gender, and by the targeted population (i.e. whether the policies aim to improve the workplace representation of women or racial minorities). Using OLS regression models to analyze a diverse sample of employed persons participating in the survey, we find that women, blacks, and Latina/os are more supportive of diversity policies than men and whites, and a substantial portion of these gender/race differences can be explained by group-differences in the belief that discrimination causes inequality. In addition, we find that respondents report lower levels of support for workplace policies when these policies are framed as a mechanism to increase diversity than when they are framed as being needed to address discrimination or if no justification is given for the policy. Our findings highlight the role of inequality beliefs in shaping worker support for diversity policies, suggesting directions for future research on how such beliefs are developed.

Brother or Burden: An Experiment on Reducing Prejudice Toward Syrian Refugees in Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egor Lazarev ◽  
Kunaal Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Citizens Attitudes

Can emphasis on shared religion reduce out-group prejudice? To explore this question, we conducted a survey experiment on the effect of religious primes on Turkish citizens’ attitudes and behavior toward Syrian refugees in Istanbul and Gaziantep. We used a factorial design to compare the independent and interactive effects of primes emphasizing refugees’ Sunni or Muslim identity and a factual statement on the economic cost of the refugees. We find that religious primes increase respondents’ level of donations to a charity supporting Syrian refugees and certain attitudinal measures of support for the refugees. We also uncovered a differential impact among the Sunni and Muslim primes and found that the statement of economic cost removed the pro-refugee effect of religious primes.

Power as Active Self

2018 ◽  
pp. 644-670
Author(s):  
Ana Guinote ◽  
Serena Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

Philosophers, scientists, policymakers, and the public have questioned about who ascends to power and how power affects the person. This chapter reviews and discusses social–cognitive literature from the last decade or so that examines how dispositions and contextual factors affect the emergence of power and how having power affects the links between dispositions and behavior. Following a process-based perspective that contemplates the cognitive strategies of people in power, a model is proposed of power as a magnifier of the active self—that is, the subset of self-knowledge that is active on a moment-to-moment basis. The active self channels attention and action in line with priorities and plays a key role in action facilitation and goal-directed behavior. The active self is responsive to chronic dispositions, emotions, and current states of the person and to inputs from the environment in a flexible manner. Extant research is integrated based on this model.

Disentangling the Trait and State Components of Professional Skepticism: Specifying a Process for State Scale Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shani N. Robinson ◽  
Mary B. Curtis ◽  
Jesse C. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Divergent Validity ◽  
Professional Skepticism ◽  
Convergent And Divergent Validity ◽  
Ps Scale ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
State Scale

SUMMARY In recent years, professional skepticism (PS) has drawn extensive attention from both regulators and academics. While prior research theorizes that both stable personality traits and temporary states influence PS (e.g., Hurtt 2010; Nelson 2009), this literature tends to focus on either trait PS or contextual factors that influence judgments and behavior without disentangling the trait and state components of PS. We propose that state PS is a distinct construct from trait PS and provide the first measure of state PS. We validate our process for measuring state PS using rigorous analyses, demonstrating convergent and divergent validity with data collected from both professional and student samples. Furthermore, we replicate the Hurtt (2010) trait PS scale, which forms the basis for our state PS measure. Future researchers can employ our measure or, alternatively, replicate our process for measuring state PS in various experimental contexts. Data Availability: Contact the corresponding author.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-162
Author(s):  
Danielle L. Lupton
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Crisis Bargaining ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Strategic Interest

This concluding chapter summarizes the findings of the experiments and case studies in the previous chapters, discussing their implications for the study of reputation for resolve and the debate between reputation supporters and skeptics. The evidence from across the experiments and case studies shows that leaders can indeed acquire individual reputations for resolve. While these reputations are rooted in a leader's statements and behavior, they can be influenced by certain contextual factors—primarily a preexisting state reputation for resolve and the state's strategic interest in an issue under dispute. Yet, these two contextual factors influence leader reputations by interacting with a leader's own statements and behavior. Moreover, these leader-specific reputational assessments can affect the negotiating and crisis bargaining strategies individual leaders pursue. Leaders, therefore, are not wrong to care about their personal reputations for resolve or to believe that their reputations for resolve influence international politics. The chapter then explains how policymakers can best communicate their resolve to make themselves and their states less vulnerable to international threats.

scholarly journals The Matching Hierarchies Model: Evidence from a Survey Experiment on Employers’ Hiring Intent Regarding Immigrant Applicants

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Auer ◽  
Giuliano Bonoli ◽  
Flavia Fossati ◽  
Fabienne Liechti
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Labor Market Integration ◽  
Immigrant Background ◽  
Model Evidence

We seek to understand why immigrants encounter labor market integration difficulties and thus propose a model that combines ethnic and occupational rankings to predict which candidates employers will favor for particular occupations (a matching hierarchies model). In a Swiss survey experiment, we found that employers’ evaluations of non-natives follow sociocultural distance perceptions and that a non-native background is a disadvantage mainly in high-skilled occupations. In low-skilled occupations, having an immigrant background is less detrimental. In elucidating disadvantage patterns, we conclude that it is important to consider contextual factors (occupational hierarchies) that may change the nature of nationality-based discrimination.

scholarly journals Socio-Motor Improvisation in Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study in a Sample of Stable Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin N. Salesse ◽  
Jean-François Casties ◽  
Delphine Capdevielle ◽  
Stéphane Raffard
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Clinical Context ◽  
Shared Attention ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Control Study

Improvising is essential for human development and is one of the most important characteristics of being human. However, how mental illness affects improvisation remains largely unknown. In this study we focused on socio-motor improvisation in individuals with schizophrenia, one of the more debilitating mental disorder. This represents the ability to improvise gestures during an interaction to promote sustained communication and shared attention. Using a novel paradigm called the mirror game and recently introduced to study joint improvisation, we recorded hand motions of two people mirroring each other. Comparing Schizophrenia patients and healthy controls skills during the game, we found that improvisation was impaired in schizophrenia patients. Patients also exhibited significantly higher difficulties to being synchronized with someone they follow but not when they were leaders of the joint improvisation game. Considering the correlation between socio-motor synchronization and socio-motor improvisation, these results suggest that synchronization does not only promote affiliation but also improvisation, being therefore an interesting key factor to enhance social skills in a clinical context. Moreover, socio-motor improvisation abnormalities were not associated with executive functioning, one traditional underpinning of improvisation. Altogether, our results suggest that even if both mental illness and improvisation differ from normal thinking and behavior, they are not two sides of the same coin, providing a direct evidence that being able to improvise in individual situations is fundamentally different than being able to improvise in a social context.

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