scholarly journals Characterization of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from indigenous peoples of Colombia

Biomédica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (Supl. 2) ◽  
pp. 78-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darío Puerto ◽  
Lina Erazo ◽  
Angie Zabaleta ◽  
Martha I. Murcia ◽  
Claudia Llerena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
National Study ◽  
Beijing Family ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Cultural Determinants

Introduction: Tuberculosis continues to be a public health priority. Indigenous peoples are vulnerable groups with cultural determinants that increase the risk of the disease.Objective: To determine molecular epidemiology and phenotypical features and of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from indigenous people in Colombia during the period from 2009 to 2014.Materials and methods: We conducted an analytical observational study; we analyzed 234 isolates to determine their patterns of sensitivity to antituberculosis drugs and their molecular structures by spoligotyping.Results: The isolates came from 41 indigenous groups, predominantly the Wayúu (13.10%) and Emberá Chamí (11.35%). We found 102 spoligotypes distributed among seven genetic families (37.2% LAM, 15.8% Haarlem, 8.1% T, 3.4% U, 2.6% S, 2.1% X, and 0.9%, Beijing).The association analysis showed that the non-clustered isolates were related to prior treatment, relapse, orphan spoligotypes, and the Beijing family. The H family presented an association with the Arhuaco and Camëntŝá indigenous groups, the U family was associated with the Wounaan group, and the T family was associated with the Motilón Barí group.Conclusions: This is the first national study on M. tuberculosis characterization in indigenous groups. The study evidenced that diagnosis in indigenous people is late. We described 53% of orphan patterns that could be typical of the Colombian indigenous population. The high percentage of grouping by spoligotyping (62%) could indicate cases of active transmission, a situation that should be corroborated using a second genotyping marker. A new Beijing spoligotype (Beijing-like SIT 406) was identified in Colombia.

scholarly journals As culturas do confinamento: um olhar da crise, a partir da realidade dos povos indígenas

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-157
Author(s):  
Antonio Hilario Aguilera Urquiza ◽  
Ana Keila Mosca Pinezi
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Indigenous Health ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
Brazilian Society ◽  
Indigenous Groups

O presente artigo objetivou desenvolver breve reflexão a respeito de como os povos indígenas brasileiros têm lidado com a pandemia pelo novo coronavírus e como têm sido afetados por ela. Ainda, pretendeu-se discutir o descaso do Estado brasileiro com os direitos humanos dessas populações mais vulneráveis. Em termos metodológicos, foram utilizadas pesquisas acerca do avanço do novo coronavírus entre etnias indígenas brasileiras, além de dados secundários de depoimentos em sites de ONGs e institutos especializados no assunto. A pesquisa nos mostra que a realidade da pandemia escancarou o quanto a sociedade brasileira é desigual em vários níveis e diferentes contextos, e como são tratadas deficientemente as questões de saúde de grupos vulneráveis, como os indígenas. Evidenciou, ainda, que não apenas cada comunidade tem sua maneira própria de conviver com a pandemia, mas também de que não há políticas de saúde adequadas e eficazes voltadas aos grupos vulneráveis que são os que mais sofrem perdas com esta crise sanitária e humanitária.   Confinement cultures: a look at the crisis, based on the reality of indigenous peoples This article aimed to develop a brief reflection on how different Brazilian indigenous groups deal with the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus, and how they have been affected by it. Furthermore, it intended to discuss the human rights’ neglect by the Brazilian State against those very vulnerable populations. In terms of methodology, the approach taken was based on evaluation of research data about the advancement of the new coronavirus among Brazilian indigenous ethnicities, in addition to secondary testimonial data from NGOs’ and subject matter specialized institutes’ websites. This research shows evidence of how the pandemic clearly revealed the inequalities within Brazilian society, in various levels and different contexts, and how deficiently handled health issues are among vulnerable populations, like the indigenous groups. In addition, it indicates that not only each community has its own way of dealing with the pandemic, but also that there are no adequate and effective health policies aimed at vulnerable groups, which are the ones that suffer the most from this health and humanitarian crisis. Keywords: Pandemic. Indigenous health. Human rights. Coronavirus.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Indigenous Research Guidelines to Inform Genomic Research in Indigenous Communities

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole K Taniguchi ◽  
Maile Taualii ◽  
Jay Maddock
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Indigenous Research ◽  
Research Guidelines ◽  
Indigenous Groups

BACKGROUND: Genetic research has potential benefits for improving health, such as identifying molecular characteristics of a disease, understanding disease prevalence and treatment, and developing treatments tailored to patients based on individual genetic characteristics of their disease. Indigenous people are often targeted for genetic research because genes are easier to study in communities that practice endogamy. Therefore, populations perceived to be more homogenous, such as Indigenous peoples, are ideal for genetic studies. While Indigenous communities remain the focal point of many genomic studies, some result in harm and unethical practice. Unfortunately, the harms of poorly formulated and unethical research involving Indigenous people have created barriers to participation that prevent critical and lifesaving research. These harms have led a number of Indigenous communities to develop guidelines for engaging with researchers to assist in safely bridging the gap between genetic research and Indigenous peoples. SPECIFIC AIMS: The specific aims of this study were: (1) to conduct an international review and comparison of Indigenous research guidelines that highlight topics regarding genetics and use of biological samples and identify commonalities and differences among ethical principles of concern to Indigenous peoples; and (2) develop policy recommendations for Indigenous populations interested in creating formal policies around the use of genetic information and protection of biological samples using data from specific aim 1. METHODS: A comparative analysis was performed to identify best research practices and recommendations for Indigenous groups from four countries: Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States. The analysis examined commonalities in political relationships, which support self-determination among these Indigenous communities to control their data. Current international Indigenous guidelines were analyzed to review processes of how genetic research is conducted and the use of biological samples is handled with Indigenous peoples. RESULTS: Results suggest the need for genetic and genomic research policies for the world’s Indigenous people. Indigenous groups are most vulnerable to research exploitation and harm; therefore, identifying principles that work for Indigenous people will lead to best practices for all populations. CONCLUSIONS: Development and implementation of best practices informed by research guidelines in Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the U.S. may be helpful to advise Indigenous leaders, policy makers, and researchers to the proper conduction of genetic research within Indigenous communities. Comparative analyses are a useful tool for identifying areas for further work in developing genetic research policy for Indigenous communities. OUTCOME: The outcomes of this analysis are relevant and useful to Indigenous communities and inform the development of community-based genetic research guidelines. The recommendations can be used in designing appropriate policies for future genomic research with Indigenous peoples.

Aging in Indigenous Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. 197-204
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Provision Of Services

This chapter focuses on aging for Indigenous individuals in Canada, which has multiple layers of complexity involving both opportunities and challenges that relate closely to the places in which people live. It discusses 'Indigenous peoples' as an umbrella term that is used internationally to refer to the original peoples of a place, noting that in Canada 'Indigenous peoples' include over 70 distinct language groups and hundreds of different nations. It also refers to the Constitution Act that recognizes three main Indigenous groups: First Nations, Métis, and Inuit. The chapter looks at issues for older and aging Indigenous people, which include urbanization and relationships to land, and health disparities and experiences of dementia and memory loss. It also cites the provision of services in culturally appropriate ways that account for the different geographies of Indigenous aging in Canada.

scholarly journals Doing research into Indigenous issues being non-Indigenous

2021 ◽  
pp. 146879412110059
Author(s):  
Eivind Å Skille
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
The North ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Personal Experiences

Based on research into Indigenous people and sport, this article discusses the opportunities and challenges for a non-Indigenous researcher to study Indigenous issues. The author shares personal experiences from research into Sámi sport (Sámi are the Indigenous people of the North Calotte) and compares these with the literature relating to post-colonial methodologies. It concludes with some overarching elements to take into consideration when researching Indigenous peoples: reflection including critical self-reflection (as in any qualitative research); reciprocity, including respect, dialogue and that the research must benefit the Indigenous people under study and in general; and awareness about the heterogeneity within Indigenous groups and consciousness about the interface between researcher and Indigenous peoples. Given the heterogeneity, the interfaces vary.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Indigenous peoples in Chile: vulnerability to contagion and mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-402
Author(s):  
Pablo Millalen ◽  
Hector Nahuelpan ◽  
Alvaro Hofflinger ◽  
Edgars Martinez
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Analyze Data ◽  
Chilean Government

This research investigates whether Indigenous Populations are disproportionately vulnerable to COVID-19 infection and deaths in Chile. To answer this question, we use a regression model to analyze data from the Chilean government. Our analysis indicates that municipalities with a higher proportion of Indigenous people evinced higher rates of infection and deaths to COVID-19. Indigenous groups were not only highly affected at the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak; their rate of infection and mortality has increased as the virus has spread to the general population. We argue that the COVID-19 pandemic can have devastating effects on Indigenous communities, mainly because it increases the historically accumulated inequalities and structural racism linked to colonization, neoliberalism, and neo-extractivism in Chile.

Isolasi Sosio-Budaya Masyarakat Orang Asli di Malaysia dan Kesannya Terhadap Pentafsiran Hukum Islam

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Paiz Hassan ◽  
Mohd Anuar Ramli
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
Orang Asli ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Local Background ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Closed Door

Majority of the indigenous people who are the original inhabitants in Malaysia inhibit the remote area of tropical forest which is rich in natural resources. Their lives are separated from the outside community due to several factors such as geography, low literacy, negative perceptions of the surrounding community, and the closed-door attitude of the indigenous people. Consistent preaching activities have changed the faith of the indigenous people from animism orientation towards believing in the Oneness of God. The practice of Islam as a way of life in the lives of indigenous peoples is found to be difficult to practice because the fiqh approach presented to them does not celebrate their local condition. In this regard, this study will examine the socio-cultural isolation of indigenous peoples and their impact on the interpretation of Islamic law. To achieve this objective, the researchers have applied the library research method by referring to the literatures related to the discussion of Islamic scholars in various disciplines of fiqh and usūl al-fiqh. The research found that there is rukhsah and taysir approach given to isolated people as well as with local background to facilitate the religious affairs of the indigenous people. Abstrak Majoriti masyarakat Orang Asli yang merupakan penduduk asal di semenanjung Malaysia mendiami kawasan pedalaman di hutan hujan tropika yang kaya dengan khazanah alam. Kehidupan mereka terasing daripada masyarakat luar disebabkan beberapa faktor seperti geografi, kadar literasi yang rendah, pandangan negatif masyarakat sekitar dan sikap tertutup masyarakat Orang Asli. Gerakan dakwah yang dijalankan secara konsisten telah membawa perubahan kepercayaan sebahagian masyarakat Orang Asli daripada berorientasikan animisme kepada mempercayai Tuhan yang Esa. Pengamalan Islam sebagai cara hidup dalam kehidupan masyarakat Orang Asli didapati agak sukar untuk dipraktikkan lantaran pendekatan fiqh yang disampaikan kepada mereka tidak meraikan suasana setempat mereka. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini akan meneliti keadaan isolasi sosio-budaya masyarakat Orang Asli dan kesannya terhadap pentafsiran hukum Islam. Bagi mencapai objektif tersebut, pengkaji menggunakan kajian kepustakaan sepenuhnya dengan menelusuri literatur berkaitan dengan perbincangan sarjana Islam dalam pelbagai disiplin ilmu fiqh dan usul fiqh. Hasil kajian mendapati terdapat rukhsah dan pendekatan taysir diberikan kepada mereka yang hidup terasing serta berlatar belakang budaya setempat bagi memudahkan urusan keagamaan masyarakat Orang Asli.

Peering Beyond the Imperial Gaze: Using Digital Tools to Construct a Spatial History of Conquest

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy M. Mikecz
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Spanish Conquest ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Spatial History ◽  
Colonial Texts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spatial Narrative

Ethnohistorians and other scholars have long noted how European colonial texts often concealed the presence and participation of indigenous peoples in New World conquests. This scholarship has examined how European sources (both texts and maps) have denied indigenous history, omitted indigenous presence, elided indigenous agency, and ignored indigenous spaces all while exaggerating their own power and importance. These works provide examples of colonial authors performing these erasures, often as a means to dispossess. What they lack, however, is a systematic means of identifying, locating, and measuring these silences in space and time. This article proposes a spatial history methodology which can make visible, as well as measurable and quantifiable the ways in which indigenous people and spaces have been erased by colonial narratives. It presents two methods for doing this. First, narrative analysis and geovisualization are used to deconstruct the imperial histories found in colonial European sources. Second it combines text with maps to tell a new (spatial) narrative of conquest. This new narrative reconstructs indigenous activity through a variety of digital maps, including ‘mood maps’, indigenous activity maps, and maps of indigenous aid. The resulting spatial narrative shows the Spanish conquest of Peru was never inevitable and was dependent on the constant aid of immense numbers of indigenous people.

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