scholarly journals Anti-Streptococcus mutans and anti-biofilm activities of dextranase and its encapsulation in alginate beads for application in toothpaste

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10165
Author(s):  
Nucharee Juntarachot ◽  
Sasithorn Sirilun ◽  
Duangporn Kantachote ◽  
Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn ◽  
Piyachat Tongpong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Sensory Test ◽  
Alginate Concentration ◽  
The Stability

Background The accumulation of plaque causes oral diseases. Dental plaque is formed on teeth surfaces by oral bacterial pathogens, particularly Streptococcus mutans, in the oral cavity. Dextranase is one of the enzymes involved in antiplaque accumulation as it can prevent dental caries by the degradation of dextran, which is a component of plaque biofilm. This led to the idea of creating toothpaste containing dextranase for preventing oral diseases. However, the dextranase enzyme must be stable in the product; therefore, encapsulation is an attractive way to increase the stability of this enzyme. Methods The activity of food-grade fungal dextranase was measured on the basis of increasing ratio of reducing sugar concentration, determined by the reaction with 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid reagent. The efficiency of the dextranase enzyme was investigated based on its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against biofilm formation by S. mutans ATCC 25175. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to study the three factors affecting encapsulation: pH, calcium chloride concentration, and sodium alginate concentration. Encapsulation efficiency (% EE) and the activity of dextranase enzyme trapped in alginate beads were determined. Then, the encapsulated dextranase in alginate beads was added to toothpaste base, and the stability of the enzyme was examined. Finally, sensory test and safety evaluation of toothpaste containing encapsulated dextranase were done. Results The highest activity of the dextranase enzyme was 4401.71 unit/g at a pH of 6 and 37 °C. The dextranase at its MIC (4.5 unit/g) showed strong inhibition against the growth of S. mutans. This enzyme at 1/2 MIC also showed a remarkable decrease in biofilm formation by S. mutans. The most effective condition of dextranase encapsulation was at a pH of 7, 20% w/v calcium chloride and 0.85% w/v sodium alginate. Toothpaste containing encapsulated dextranase alginate beads produced under suitable condition was stable after 3 months of storage, while the sensory test of the product was accepted at level 3 (like slightly), and it was safe. Conclusion This research achieved an alternative health product for oral care by formulating toothpaste with dextranase encapsulated in effective alginate beads to act against cariogenic bacteria, like S. mutants, by preventing dental plaque.

scholarly journals Alginate-pomegranate peels' polyphenols beads: effects of formulation parameters on loading efficiency

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wissam Zam ◽  
Ghada Bashour ◽  
Wassim Abdelwahed ◽  
Warid Khayata
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Alginate ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Food Supplementation ◽  
Calcium Alginate Beads ◽  
Loading Efficiency ◽  
Alginate Concentration

Calcium alginate beads containing pomegranate peels' polyphenol extract were encapsulated by ionic gelation method. The effects of various formulation factors (sodium alginate concentration, calcium chloride concentration, calcium chloride exposure time, gelling bath time maintaining, and extract concentration) on the efficiency of extract loading were investigated. The formulation containing an extract of 1 g pomegranate peels in 100 mL distilled water encapsulated with 3 % of sodium alginate cured in 0.05 M calcium chloride for 20 minutes and kept in a gelling bath for 15 minutes was chosen as the best formula regarding the loading efficiency. These optimized conditions allowed the encapsulation of 43.90% of total extracted polyphenols and 46.34 % of total extracted proanthocyanidins. Microencapsulation of pomegranate peels' extract in calcium alginate beads is a promising technique for pharmaceutical and food supplementation with natural antioxidants.

scholarly journals Optimization of alcoholic fermentation using immobilized yeast cells in calcium alginate gel

2015 ◽  
pp. 207-218
Author(s):  
Jovana Djuran ◽  
Zorana Roncevic ◽  
Bojana Bajic ◽  
Sinisa Dodic ◽  
Jovana Grahovac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Alcoholic Fermentation ◽  
Immobilized Cells ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Alginate Concentration ◽  
Economic Analyses

Ethanol is an important industrial chemical with emerging potential as a biofuel to replace fossil fuels. In order to enhance the efficiency and yield of alcoholic fermentation, combined techniques such as cells immobilization and media optimization have been used. The aim of this study was the optimization of sodium alginate concentration and glucose and yeast extract content in the media for ethanol production with immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Optimization of these parameters was attempted by using a Box-Behnken design using the response surface methodology. The obtained model predicts that the maximum ethanol content of 7.21% (v/v) is produced when the optimal values of sodium alginate concentration and initial content of glucose and yeast extract in the medium are 22.84 g/L, 196.42 g/L and 3.77 g/L, respectively. To minimize the number of yeast cells "eluted" from the alginate beads and residual glucose content in fermented media, additional two sets of optimization were made. The obtained results can be used for further techno-economic analyses of the process to select the optimum conditions of the fermentation process for industrial application.

scholarly journals Suppressive Effects of Octyl Gallate on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation, Acidogenicity, and Gene Expression

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (17) ◽  
pp. 3170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vika Gabe ◽  
Tomas Kacergius ◽  
Saleh Abu-Lafi ◽  
Mouhammad Zeidan ◽  
Basheer Abu-Farich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Expression Change ◽  
Biofilm Development

The accumulation of biofilm by Streptococcus mutans bacteria on hard tooth tissues leads to dental caries, which remains one of the most prevalent oral diseases. Hence, the development of new antibiofilm agents is of critical importance. The current study reports the results from testing the effectiveness of octyl gallate (C8-OG) against: (1) S. mutans biofilm formation on solid surfaces (polystyrene, glass), (2) acidogenicity, (3) and the expression of biofilm-related genes. The amount of biofilm formed by S. mutans bacteria was evaluated using the colorimetric method and optical profilometry. The pH of the biofilm growth medium was measured with microelectrode. A quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to assess the expression of genes encoding glucan binding protein B (gbpB), glucosyltransferases B, -C, -D (gtfB, -C, -D), and the F-ATPase β subunit of the F1 protein (atpD). The results show that C8-OG significantly diminished biofilm formation by exposed S. mutans on solid surfaces and suppressed acidogenicity in a dose-dependent manner, compared to unexposed bacteria (p < 0.05). The C8-OG concentration of 100.24 µM inhibited S. mutans biofilm development on solid surfaces by 100% and prevented a decrease in pH levels by 99%. In addition, the RT-qPCR data demonstrate that the biofilm-producing bacteria treated with C8-OG underwent a significant reduction in gene expression in the case of the four genes under study (gbpB, gtfC, gtfD, and atpD), and there was a slight decrease in expression of the gtfB gene. However, C8-OG treatments did not produce significant expression change compared to the control for the planktonic cells, although there was a significant increase for the atpD gene. Therefore, C8-OG might be a potent antibiofilm and/or anticaries agent for oral formulations that aim to reduce the prevalence of dental caries.

scholarly journals Inactivation of the ciaH Gene in Streptococcus mutans Diminishes Mutacin Production and Competence Development, Alters Sucrose-Dependent Biofilm Formation, and Reduces Stress Tolerance

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 4895-4899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengxia Qi ◽  
Justin Merritt ◽  
Renate Lux ◽  
Wenyuan Shi
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Histidine Kinase ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Competence Development ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Peptide Antibiotics ◽  
Kinase Gene

ABSTRACT Many clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans produce peptide antibiotics called mutacins. Mutacin production may play an important role in the ecology of S. mutans in dental plaque. In this study, inactivation of a histidine kinase gene, ciaH, abolished mutacin production. Surprisingly, the same mutation also diminished competence development, stress tolerance, and sucrose-dependent biofilm formation.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Influence of Calcium Salts and Gelling Time on the Structural Mechanical Properties of Fruit Jam

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Zdravko MANEV ◽  
Nadezhda PETKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ion ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Rupture Force ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Alginate Concentration ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Gelling Time

Alginate beads attract attention as a encapsulation matrix of bioactive substances in food. However, the stability of beads depends on calcium ion and sodium alginate concentration, gelling time and others factors. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different types of calcium salts on the structural and mechanical parameters - the rupture force and rupture deformation at different gelling times of the pear jam prepared with soluble dietary fibers and inulin. The relationships between the rupture force and rupture deformation of the fruit jams were established. By increasing the gelling time from 24 hours to 48 hours, the rupture deformation of jams with 7% calcium lactate were reduced and in those with 7% CaCl2 the rupture forces increases. Any change in rupture force was observed for the jam with 3.5% CaCl2. This study demonstrated the practical application of different calcium salts for preparation of stable pear jam.

scholarly journals DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECTS OF 0.05% AND 0.1% PROPOLIS FLAVONOIDS ON IN VITRO BIOFILM FORMATION BY STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS FROM CHILDREN’S DENTAL PLAQUE

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Agnes Linggriani ◽  
Mochamad Fahlevi Rizal ◽  
Eva Fauziah ◽  
Margaretha Suharsini
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Biofilm Formation

 Objective: This study was conducted to analyze the effects obtained with different concentrations (0.5 and 0.1%) of propolis flavonoids on in vitro biofilm formation by clinical Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from children’s dental plaque.Materials and Methods: S. mutans isolated from children’s dental plaque was assayed for biofilm formation in 96-microwell plates using crystal violet.Results: The effects on S. mutans biofilm formation were the same for propolis flavonoids administered at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1% (p>0.01).Conclusion: A 0.05% propolis flavonoids concentration was deemed as effective as a 0.1% concentration at inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation.

scholarly journals Molecule Targeting Glucosyltransferase Inhibits Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Virulence

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Ren ◽  
Tao Cui ◽  
Jumei Zeng ◽  
Lulu Chen ◽  
Wenling Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
New Strategies

ABSTRACTDental plaque biofilms are responsible for numerous chronic oral infections and cause a severe health burden. Many of these infections cannot be eliminated, as the bacteria in the biofilms are resistant to the host's immune defenses and antibiotics. There is a critical need to develop new strategies to control biofilm-based infections. Biofilm formation inStreptococcus mutansis promoted by major virulence factors known as glucosyltransferases (Gtfs), which synthesize adhesive extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). The current study was designed to identify novel molecules that target Gtfs, thereby inhibitingS. mutansbiofilm formation and having the potential to prevent dental caries. Structure-based virtual screening of approximately 150,000 commercially available compounds against the crystal structure of the glucosyltransferase domain of the GtfC protein fromS. mutansresulted in the identification of a quinoxaline derivative, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(3-{[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]imino}-1,4-dihydro-2-quinoxalinylidene)ethanamine, as a potential Gtf inhibitor.In vitroassays showed that the compound was capable of inhibiting EPS synthesis and biofilm formation inS. mutansby selectively antagonizing Gtfs instead of by killing the bacteria directly. Moreover, thein vivoanti-caries efficacy of the compound was evaluated in a rat model. We found that the compound significantly reduced the incidence and severity of smooth and sulcal-surface cariesin vivowith a concomitant reduction in the percentage ofS. mutansin the animals' dental plaque (P< 0.05). Taken together, these results represent the first description of a compound that targets Gtfs and that has the capacity to inhibit biofilm formation and the cariogenicity ofS. mutans.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KONSENTRASI Na-ALGINAT DAN UKURAN BEADS TERHADAP STABILITAS BEADS DAN AKTIVITAS SEL Agrobacterium tumefaciens LSU20 IMMOBIL DALAM BIODESULFURISASI DIBENZOTHIOFENA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
I Made Yoga Saputra ◽  
Nyoman Semadi Antara ◽  
Ida Bagus Wayan Gunam
Keyword(s):  
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Immobilized Cells ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Model System ◽  
Stability Test ◽  
Bead Size ◽  
Degradation Activity ◽  
The Stability

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration and size of Na-alginate beads that have the highest degradation activity of dibenzothiophene. Biodesulfurization (BDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) was performed using 3 Na-alginate concentrations and 3 different beads sizes in the oil model system. Biodesulfurization was performed with incubation for 24 hours. The previous research showed that sodium alginate (Na-alginate) was an appropriate immobilizing agent compared to other immobilized materials. Na-alginate 4% show the activity of the degradation of the most good that is 66.33% (bead size 2 mm), 62.99% (bead size 3 mm), 59.93% (bead size 4 mm), for concentration of 3% Na-alginate showed 65.58% (bead size 2 mm), 61.68% (bead size 3 mm) and 60.43% (bead size 4 mm), while concentration 5% showed the most low that is 64.86% (bead size 2 mm), 61.01% (bead size 3 mm), and 58.89% (bead size 4 mm). The stability test showed Na-alginate 4% have the stability and durability of the bead stronger, the test showed Na-alginate can be used up to five repeat and still have degradation activity. Key words: Biodesulfurization, Dibenzothiophene, Immobilized cells, Na-alginate.

scholarly journals Optimization of Immobilization Condition of Protease Extracted from Silver Catfish (Pangasius Sutchi) Viscera in Calcium Alginate by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Normah Ismail ◽  
Siti Noorsyarafana Sahimi
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Alginate ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Calcium Chloride Solution ◽  
Silver Catfish ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Proteolytic Activities

The term of immobilized enzymes refers to enzymes that physically entrapped within pores of synthetic or natural polymeric network with no alteration in the enzyme catalytic activities. In this study, protease from silver catfish viscera have been extracted, partially purified by acetone precipitation method and immobilised in the calcium alginate beads. Various range of sodium alginate (1–5% w/v) and calcium chloride (0.1–0.5 M) concentrations were used for the optimization purpose. Proteolytic activity of the protease in the alginate beads was measured as a response to the independent variables by using casein as a substrate. The highest actual and predicted proteolytic activities were at run 12 with 674.77 CDU/mg and 639.26 CDU/mg, respectively, under predetermined factors, in which the sodium alginate and calcium chloride solution concentrations were at 3.00% (w/v) and 0.30 M, respectively. The lowest actual and predicted proteolytic activities were at run 2 with the values of 77.35 CDU/mg and 71.53 CDU/mg, respectively, whereby factors include were a sodium alginate of 4.00% (w/v) and 0.20 M of calcium chloride solution. For the experimental feasibilities, the optimum conditions that was feasible to be carried out was with a sodium alginate of 2.99% (w/v) and 0.30 M calcium chloride solution. Verification for the optimum condition was performed and there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the predicted (638.19 CDU/mg) and verified (699.82 CDU/mg) values. Thus, indicating that the model was significant and can be used to produce the immobilize protease under the optimum condition.

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