scholarly journals The frequency of combined IFITM3 haplotype involving the reference alleles of both rs12252 and rs34481144 is in line with COVID-19 standardized mortality ratio of ethnic groups in England

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10402
Author(s):  
Dimitris Nikoloudis ◽  
Dimitrios Kountouras ◽  
Asimina Hiona
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
White People ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Evidence was brought forward in England and the USA that Black, Asian, Latino and Minority Ethnic people exhibit higher mortality risk from COVID-19 than White people. While socioeconomic factors were suggested to contribute to this trend, they arguably do not explain the range of the differences observed, allowing for possible genetic implications. Almost concurrently, the analysis of a cohort in Chinese COVID-19 patients proposed an association between the severity of the disease and the presence of the minor allele of rs12252 of the Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) gene. This SNP, together with rs34481144, are the two most studied polymorphisms of IFITM3 and have been associated in the past with increased severity in Influenza, Dengue, Ebola, and HIV viruses. IFITM3 is an immune effector protein that is pivotal for the restriction of viral replication, but also for the regulation of cytokine production. Following up on these two developments in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the present study investigates a possible association between the differences in mortality of ethnic groups in England and the combined haplotypes of rs12252 and rs34481144. The respective allele frequencies were collected for 26 populations from the 1000 Genomes Project and subgroups were pooled wherever possible to create correspondences with ethnic groups in England. A significant correlation (r = 0.9687, p = 0.0003) and a striking agreement was observed between the reported Standardized Mortality Ratios and the frequency of the combined haplotype of both reference alleles, suggesting that the combination of the reference alleles of the specific SNPs may be implicated in more severe outcomes of COVID-19. This study calls for further focus on the role of IFITM3 variants in the mechanism of cellular invasion of SARS-CoV-2, their impact in COVID-19 severity and their possible implications in vaccination efficacy.

scholarly journals The Frequency of Combined IFITM3 Haplotype Involving the Reference Alleles of Both rs12252 and rs34481144 is in Line with COVID-19 Standardized Mortality Ratio of Ethnic Groups in England

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitris Nikoloudis ◽  
Dimitrios Kountouras ◽  
Asimina Hiona
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
White People ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Evidence was brought forward in England and the USA that Black, Asian, Latino and Minority Ethnic people exhibit higher mortality risk from COVID-19 than White people. While socioeconomic factors were suggested to contribute to this trend, they arguably do not explain the range of the differences observed, allowing for possible genetic implications. Almost concurrently, the analysis of a cohort in Chinese COVID-19 patients proposed an association between the severity of the disease and the presence of the minor allele of rs12252 of the Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) gene. This SNP, together with rs34481144, are the two most studied polymorphisms of IFITM3 and have been associated in the past with increased severity in Influenza, Dengue, Ebola, and HIV viruses. IFITM3 is an immune effector protein that is pivotal for the restriction of viral replication, but also for the regulation of cytokine production. Following up to these two developments in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the present study investigates a possible association between the differences in mortality of ethnic groups in England and the combined haplotypes of rs12252 and rs34481144. The respective allele frequencies were collected for 26 populations from 1000 Genomes Project and subgroups were pooled wherever possible to create correspondences with ethnic groups in England. A significant correlation (r=0.9687, p= 0.0003) was observed between the reported Standardized Mortality Ratios and the frequency of the combined haplotype of both reference alleles, suggesting that the combination of reference alleles of the specific SNPs may be implicated in more severe outcomes of COVID-19. This study calls for further focus on the role of IFITM3 variants in the mechanism of cellular invasion of SARS-CoV-2, their impact in COVID-19 severity and their possible implications in vaccination efficacy.

scholarly journals The Frequency of Combined IFITM3 Haplotype Involving the Reference Alleles of Both rs12252 and rs34481144 is in Line with COVID-19 Standardized Mortality Ratio of Ethnic Groups in England

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitris Nikoloudis ◽  
Dimitrios Kountouras ◽  
Asimina Hiona
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
White People ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Minority Ethnic

Evidence was recently brought forward in England and the USA that Black, Asian, Latinos and Minority Ethnic people present higher mortality risk from COVID-19 than White people. While socioeconomic factors were suggested to contribute to this trend, they arguably do not explain the range of the differences observed, allowing for possible genetic implications. Almost concurrently, the analysis of a cohort in Chinese COVID-19 patients proposed an association between the severity of the disease and the presence of the minor allele of rs12252 of the IFITM3 gene. This SNP, together with rs34481144, are the two most studied polymorphisms of IFITM3 and have been associated in the past with increased severity in Influenza, Dengue, Ebola, and HIV viruses. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 is an immune effector protein that is pivotal for the restriction of viral replication, but also for the regulation of cytokine production. Following up to these two developments in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the present study investigates a possible connection between differences in mortality of ethnic groups in England and the haplotypes of rs12252 and rs34481144. The respective allele frequencies were collected for all 1000 Genomes Project’s populations and subgroups were pooled wherever possible to create correspondences with ethnic groups in England. A strong correlation was observed between the reported Standardized Mortality Ratios and the frequency of the combined haplotype of both reference alleles. If confirmed clinically, this finding could be pointing at possible hijacking of IFITM3 by SARS-CoV-2 virus and is expected to impact our understanding of the disease mechanisms behind COVID-19.

scholarly journals Death From Stroke in End-Stage Kidney Disease

Stroke ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole L. De La Mata ◽  
Philip Masson ◽  
Rustam Al-Shahi Salman ◽  
Patrick J. Kelly ◽  
Angela C. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
End Stage Kidney Disease ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios ◽  
Using Data ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Over Time

Background and Purpose— People with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are at greater risk of stroke. We aimed to compare stroke mortality between the ESKD population and the general population. Methods— We included all patients with incident ESKD in Australia, 1980 to 2013, and New Zealand, 1988 to 2012. The primary cause of death was ascertained using data linkage with national death registers. We produced standardized mortality ratios for stroke deaths, by age, sex, and calendar year. Results— We included 60 823 patients with ESKD, where 941 stroke deaths occurred during 381 874 person-years. Patients with ESKD had >3× the stroke deaths compared with the general population (standardized mortality ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 3.2–3.6), markedly higher in younger people and women. The greatest excess was in intracerebral hemorrhages (standardized mortality ratio, 5.2; 95% CI, 4.5–5.9). Excess stroke deaths in patients with ESKD decreased over time, although were still double in 2013 (2013 standardized mortality ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.5–2.9). Conclusions— People with ESKD experience much greater stroke mortality with the greatest difference for women and younger people. However, mortality has improved over time.

USE OF CODED MORTALITY DATA TO ASSESS AREA CANCER RATES: IMPACT OF RESIDENCE REPORTING AND CODING ERRORS

1990 ◽  
Vol 132 (supp1) ◽  
pp. 178-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALLAN N. WILLIAMS ◽  
REBECCA A. JOHNSON ◽  
ALAN P. BENDER
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Death Certificates ◽  
Total Cancer ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Cancer Rates ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios

Abstract In spite of their limitations, mortality data are used in many epidemiologic and public health settings. In this investigation, the authors examined the extent to which community cancer mortality rates were affected by incorrect reporting or coding of residence on death certificates. Observed and expected cancer mortality for two adjacent communities in northern rural Minnesota for the periods 1970–1974 and 1980–1984 were obtained from computerized state mortality data. Using statewide rates to obtain expected values, standardized mortality ratios for total cancers for both periods combined were 138 for men (101 observed deaths) and 148 for women (86 observed deaths). These excesses were statistically significant (p < 0.05). However, after review of data from the actual death certificates, city maps, and information from city officials, 44 of the 187 total cancer deaths (24%) were found to have had an incorrectly reported or coded residence status. After removal of these cases, the standardized mortality ratio for total cancers for males went from 138 to 107, and for females the standardized mortality ratio went from 148 to 111. No standardized mortality ratios remained statistically significant These findings may have implications for those who use mortality data for assessing cancer rates in communities in rural areas.

Mortality in patients treated for hyperthyroidism with iodine-131

1993 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Hall ◽  
Göran Lundell ◽  
Lars-Erik Holm
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Iodine 131 ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios ◽  
Hyperthyroid Patients

Causes of death were studied in 10,552 Swedish hyperthyroid patients treated with 131I diagnosed between 1950 and 1975. The patients were followed for an average of 15 years (range 0-35 years) and were matched with the Swedish Cause of Death Register. A total of 5,400 deaths were observed and the overall standardized mortality ratio was 1.47 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43-1.51). The standardized mortality ratio for females was 1.50(95% CI 1.46-1.55) compared to 1.31(95% CI 123-1.39) in males. The most common cause of death (61%) was from cardiovascular diseases (standardized mortality ratio 1.65; 95% CI 1.59-1.71). Significantly elevated risks were also seen for tumours, diseases of the endocrine system, respiratory system, gastro-intestinal system, and congenital malformations. In all causes of death, except tumours and trauma, decreasing standardized mortality ratios over time were seen. Patients followed for more than 10 years had significantly elevated risks for tumours, diseases of the endocrine, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. Patients given higher 131I activity and younger patients had higher standardized mortality ratios than those given lower activity and older patients. The hyperthyroidism per se. rather than the 131I treatment, appeared to be the major explanation for the elevated mortality.

Suicide among Swedish Dentists

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bengt B. Arnetz ◽  
Lars-Gunnar Hörte ◽  
Anders Hedberg ◽  
Hans Malker
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
General Population ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Etiologic Role ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
National Cohort ◽  
Mortality Ratio

In the present study, we have followed a national cohort of dentists, academics, i.e. people with three or more years of post-high school education, and the general population for a period of ten years, and identified all cases of recognized suicide during the period 1961 to 1970. The aim of the study was to assess whether suicide rates are higher among dentists even after adjustment for socioeconomic factors. Results show an elevated standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for male dentists compared to other male academics. Female dentists did not exhibit any increased risk. It is suggested that enhanced interest should be given to the possible etiologic role of not only psychosocial factors but also to psychoorganic consequences of mercury exposure among dentists.

scholarly journals Endothelium-dependent vascular tone regulation mechanisms in patients with ischemic stroke

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
A M Dolgov ◽  
A Y Ryabchenko ◽  
E N Denisov ◽  
N G Gumanova
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Neurological Deficit ◽  
Vascular Tone ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Aim. To study the role of nitroxidergic reactions of the circulatory system in the development of ischemic stroke. Methods. 51 patients (both males and females) with the diagnosis of ischemic stroke were examined. All patients were distributed to 3 groups according to the severity of neurological deficit. All patients underwent brain computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Cerebral blood flow was examined by extra and transcranial ultrasonic dopplerography. Central hemodynamics was evaluated by echocardiography. General clinical examination, neurological and neuroophthalmological examinations were also performed. Vasomotor endothelial function was assessed using a 7 MHz linear transducer on the ultrasound unit «Medison SonoAce X8». The level of nitric oxide was assessed using its stable metabolites, nitrite and nitrate definition in serum. Neurological status was assessed according to the USA National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Results. Disorders of nitroxidergic mechanisms of blood vessels regulation were observed in patients with ischemic stroke. Endothelium-dependent brachial artery dilation disorders and nitric oxide persistent metabolites level decrease were related to the severity of the disease and the neurological deficit degree. Conclusion. The study of endothelium-dependent vascular tone regulation mechanisms revealed that these mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke; the study of these mechanisms can be used to clarify the severity of neurological deficit, and possible prognosis.

scholarly journals Struggles in Cultural Construction by Ethnic Groups in the USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I S Lolowang
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Dominant Culture ◽  
White People ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
The Usa

This article discusses about the struggles in cultural construction by some ethnic groups. These groups are attributed to their race and class as well. Through blending and negotiation experiences, the ethnic groups struggle to invent their identity and power in facing the dominant culture, the white people. They have to face both the external and the internal factors of their coexistence in the society. The groups discussed are the Mexican-American or the brown people, the African-American or the black, and the Asian-American or the yellow one.Keywords: cultural construction, Mexican-American, AfricanAmerican, Asian-American, color people

Lupus nephritis is associated with more corticosteroid-associated organ damage but less corticosteroid non-associated organ damage

Lupus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 598-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y B Joo ◽  
S Won ◽  
C-B Choi ◽  
S-C Bae
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Nephritis ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Immunosuppressive Agents ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
American College Of Rheumatology ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the association of lupus nephritis on organ damage and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods A total of 1112 patients with SLE were investigated. Lupus nephritis was defined as a proteinuria based on the 1997 American College of Rheumatology criteria. Damage was assessed using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index. The associations of lupus nephritis with overall, non-renal, corticosteroid-associated, and non-associated damage were analyzed using logistic regression. The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted standardized mortality ratio was evaluated in patients with and without lupus nephritis. Results The prevalence of lupus nephritis in patients with SLE was 46.3%. Patients with lupus nephritis had a higher percentage of overall cumulative damage than patients without lupus nephritis (51.5% vs. 35.7%, p < 0.001). The odds ratio was 1.40 after adjusting for age at SLE diagnosis, sex, disease duration, anti-malarial agents, immunosuppressive agents and cumulative corticosteroid dose. Among non-renal damage, the odds of corticosteroid-associated damage were higher (2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43–2.96) whereas the odds of non-associated damage were lower (0.50, 95% CI 0.35–0.75) in patients with lupus nephritis. The standardized mortality ratios of patients with and without lupus nephritis were 5.17 (95% CI 3.49–7.38) and 2.32 (95% CI 1.47–3.48), respectively. Conclusion In patients with SLE, the presence of lupus nephritis is associated with increased corticosteroid-associated damage but less corticosteroid non-associated damage. Also, mortality is significantly higher in patients with lupus nephritis than in those without lupus nephritis.

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