scholarly journals Phage on tap–a quick and efficient protocol for the preparation of bacteriophage laboratory stocks

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Bonilla ◽  
Maria Isabel Rojas ◽  
Giuliano Netto Flores Cruz ◽  
Shr-Hau Hung ◽  
Forest Rohwer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Method ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Cellular Assays ◽  
Bacterial Contaminants ◽  
Phage Stock ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxins ◽  
Lower Volume ◽  
Phage Propagation ◽  
And Storage

A major limitation with traditional phage preparations is the variability in titer, salts, and bacterial contaminants between successive propagations. Here we introduce the Phage On Tap (PoT) protocol for the quick and efficient preparation of homogenous bacteriophage (phage) stocks. This method produces homogenous, laboratory-scale, high titer (up to 1010–11PFU·ml−1), endotoxin reduced phage banks that can be used to eliminate the variability between phage propagations and improve the molecular characterizations of phage. The method consists of five major parts, including phage propagation, phage clean up by 0.22 μm filtering and chloroform treatment, phage concentration by ultrafiltration, endotoxin removal, and the preparation and storage of phage banks for continuous laboratory use. From a starting liquid lysate of > 100 mL, the PoT protocol generated a clean, homogenous, laboratory phage bank with a phage recovery efficiency of 85% within just two days. In contrast, the traditional method took upwards of five days to produce a high titer, but lower volume phage stock with a recovery efficiency of only 4%. Phage banks can be further purified for the removal of bacterial endotoxins, reducing endotoxin concentrations by over 3,000-fold while maintaining phage titer. The PoT protocol focused on T-like phages, but is broadly applicable to a variety of phages that can be propagated to sufficient titer, producing homogenous, high titer phage banks that are applicable for molecular and cellular assays.

scholarly journals Phage on Tap – A quick and efficient protocol for the preparation of bacteriophage laboratory stocks

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Bonilla ◽  
Maria Isabel Rojas ◽  
Giuliano Netto Flores Cruz ◽  
Shr-Hau Hung ◽  
Forest Rohwer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Method ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Cellular Assays ◽  
Bacterial Contaminants ◽  
Phage Stock ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxins ◽  
Lower Volume ◽  
Phage Propagation ◽  
And Storage

A major limitation with traditional phage preparations is the variability in titer, salts, and bacterial contaminants between successive propagations. Here we introduce the Phage On Tap (PoT) protocol for the quick and efficient preparation of homogenous bacteriophage (phage) stocks. This method produces homogenous, laboratory-scale, high titer (up to 1010-11 PFU∙ml-1), endotoxin reduced phage banks that can be used to eliminate the variability between phage propagations and improve the molecular characterizations of phage. The method consists of five major parts, including phage propagation, phage clean up by 0.22 µm filtering and chloroform treatment, phage concentration by ultrafiltration, endotoxin removal, and the preparation and storage of phage banks for continuous laboratory use. From a starting liquid lysate of >100 mL, the PoT protocol generated a clean, homogenous, laboratory phage bank with a phage recovery efficiency of 85% within just two days. In contrast, the traditional method took upwards of five days to produce a high titer, but lower volume phage stock with a recovery efficiency of only 4%. Phage banks can be further purified for the removal of bacterial endotoxins, reducing endotoxin concentrations by over 3,000-fold while maintaining phage titer. The PoT protocol focused on T-like phages, but is broadly applicable to a variety of phages that can be propagated to sufficient titer, producing homogenous, high titer phage banks that are applicable for molecular and cellular assays.

scholarly journals Phage on Tap – A quick and efficient protocol for the preparation of bacteriophage laboratory stocks

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Bonilla ◽  
Maria Isabel Rojas ◽  
Giuliano Netto Flores Cruz ◽  
Shr-Hau Hung ◽  
Forest Rohwer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Method ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Cellular Assays ◽  
Bacterial Contaminants ◽  
Phage Stock ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxins ◽  
Lower Volume ◽  
Phage Propagation ◽  
And Storage

A major limitation with traditional phage preparations is the variability in titer, salts, and bacterial contaminants between successive propagations. Here we introduce the Phage On Tap (PoT) protocol for the quick and efficient preparation of homogenous bacteriophage (phage) stocks. This method produces homogenous, laboratory-scale, high titer (up to 1010-11 PFU∙ml-1), endotoxin reduced phage banks that can be used to eliminate the variability between phage propagations and improve the molecular characterizations of phage. The method consists of five major parts, including phage propagation, phage clean up by 0.22 µm filtering and chloroform treatment, phage concentration by ultrafiltration, endotoxin removal, and the preparation and storage of phage banks for continuous laboratory use. From a starting liquid lysate of >100 mL, the PoT protocol generated a clean, homogenous, laboratory phage bank with a phage recovery efficiency of 85% within just two days. In contrast, the traditional method took upwards of five days to produce a high titer, but lower volume phage stock with a recovery efficiency of only 4%. Phage banks can be further purified for the removal of bacterial endotoxins, reducing endotoxin concentrations by over 3,000-fold while maintaining phage titer. The PoT protocol focused on T-like phages, but is broadly applicable to a variety of phages that can be propagated to sufficient titer, producing homogenous, high titer phage banks that are applicable for molecular and cellular assays.

scholarly journals Analysis on the Use of Briquettes as an Alternative to Improve the Generation of Thermal Energy in the Locality of Aripuana-Brazil

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6355
Author(s):  
Haylemar de Nazaret Cardenas-Rodriguez ◽  
Rosa Martins ◽  
Levy Ely Lacerda Oliveira ◽  
Erik Leandro Bonaldi ◽  
Frederico de Oliveira Assuncao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Energy Characteristics ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Wood Residues ◽  
Lower Volume ◽  
Electricity Power ◽  
The City ◽  
And Storage

The city of Aripuana is one of the largest wood producer in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Wood residues are used in the electricity generation at three thermoelectric plants in this region. However, the plants have high costs in transporting the wood residues (due to poor road conditions). Hence, this paper compares the energy performance of wood residues in natura and compacted as briquettes by calculating the heating value and determining the influence of moisture content on the energy characteristics of wood residues. The goal is to demonstrate the viability of using briquettes in order to improve thermoelectric generation. The wood residues from this region are affected by the high humidity of the biome. An alternative to improve the use of energy contained in the wood residues is to produce briquettes with lower humidity. This allows one to maintain high levels of heat energy in a lower volume, facilitating handling and storage. The results show that the use of briquettes improved the performance of thermoelectric plants, generating 1 MW of electricity power with less than 1 ton of briquettes. This contributes to the preservation of the environment, reducing operating costs, transportation and storage of the raw materials.

Dynamic rheology and foaming behaviour of styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene/ polystyrene blends

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritima Banerjee ◽  
Suprakas Sinha Ray ◽  
Anup K Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Dynamic Rheology ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Lower Volume ◽  
Foaming Temperature ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Nucleating Effect

Styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene and its blends containing 10, 30 and 50 wt% polystyrene were subjected to batch foaming using physical blowing agent carbon dioxide. At higher foaming temperatures (80–110℃), complex viscosity ( η*) and storage modulus ( E′) were found to control the volume expansion ratio and the shrinkage of foams. For a given composition, optimal volume expansion was achieved at temperatures close to the glass transition temperature ( T g) of the polystyrene phase of that composition, indicating the presence of a complex viscosity window favourable for the foaming process. Blends with 30% and 50% polystyrene content possessed higher values of E′ and η*, and produced stable foams having higher volume expansion ratio, when foamed within their respective η* windows. At a much lower foaming temperature (35℃), polystyrene was found to have a nucleating effect. However, irrespective of rheological properties, all foams showed prominent shrinkage. A higher polystyrene content resulted in a lower volume expansion ratio, as well as shrinkage over a shorter period of time and a greater extent of shrinkage in the same time span. This can be attributed to the selective foaming of the ethylene–butylene phase, hindered by the stiff polystyrene aggregates.

scholarly journals Preparation and Storage of High-Titer Lactic Streptococcus Bacteriophages1

1974 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nyiendo ◽  
Ramon J. Seidler ◽  
W. E. Sandine ◽  
P. R. Elliker
Keyword(s):  
High Titer ◽  
And Storage

scholarly journals Research and Development of Essentials for Silage Preparation, Transport and Storage in Flexible Containers of Optimal Volume

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Zhadyra Sagyndykova ◽  
Vladimir Nekrashevich ◽  
Kanat Khazimov ◽  
Bekbossyn Kassymbayev ◽  
Marat Khazimov
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Method ◽  
Vacuum Pressure ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Flexible Polymer ◽  
Vacuum Technology ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances ◽  
Silage Quality ◽  
Test Repetition ◽  
And Storage ◽  
High Storage

Abstract The research purpose was to develop the basics for silage preparation by vacuuming with the use of flexible polymer containers and estimating silage quality. The analysis of modern systems used for silage preparation and storage showed that the main disadvantages include the high storage and preparation costs, and losses of silage weight and nutrients by 3–25% after opening of storage facilities. To eliminate these disadvantages, the basics for preparing the silage by vacuuming in flexible polymer containers that can be transported and stored with optimum volume have been studied and developed. The study pursuits its goals by observing the changes in density and degree of silage compaction caused by the vacuum pressure and deadweight. A comparative estimation of silage quality indices was conducted by means of chemical analysis of silage specimens. The results show graphical dependencies of changes in silage volume and density at vacuum pressure up to 60 kPa. Moreover, a comparative assessment of quality indices of silage specimens prepared by vacuuming in soft containers, and traditional method using trenches was conducted. The reliability of results for silage storing quality in a vacuum container was achieved by fivefold test repetition within 2 years. Comparison of silage quality indices obtained using vacuum technology and traditional method showed improvement in favour of the proposed method: dry matter by 2.05%; protein by a factor of 1.47; nitrogenous substances by 1.37; starch by 1.56; calcium by 1.83; phosphorus by 2; digestible protein by 1.24; feed unit by 1.31; exchange energy by 1.16, which was achieved thanks to the elimination of succus leakage.

Shape Features Detection Based on Hough Transform in Images

2014 ◽  
Vol 644-650 ◽  
pp. 1104-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Li Chu ◽  
Yan Jie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Hough Transform ◽  
Template Matching ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Feature Points ◽  
Shape Features ◽  
Line Segments ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
And Storage

Hough transform as an effective graphics target detection method can detect straight lines, circles, ellipses, parabolas and many other analytical graphics. The discretization of space, as well as the calculation of the process make Hough transform have some limitations, such as poor detection results because of high-intensity noise, a large amount of calculation, large demand of storage resources and so on. This paper analyzes the Hough Transform voting process and points out that the accumulation with 1 in the method is unreasonable. The paper proposed a Hough transform based on template matching via the modification of the definition of the traditional method. In this method, each parameter unit identifies a template in image space. The feature points according with the conditions can be searched by the template actively. The method takes the number of feature points as the value of parameter unit and takes the record of the coordinates of line segment endpoints. So line segments can be detected and storage resources can be saved.

Simultaneous thermal analysis of different bentonite–sodium carbonate systems: an attempt to distinguish alkali-activated bentonites from raw materials

Clay Minerals ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Steudel ◽  
D. Mehl ◽  
K. Emmerich
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Simultaneous Thermal Analysis ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Evolved Gases ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Alkali Activated

AbstractAlkali activation with sodium carbonates is a traditional method to improve bentonite properties for a variety of applications. In some applications, natural sodium-rich bentonites are preferred, and custom regulations require proper declaration of Na-rich bentonites, with respect to activation. Consequently, there is need for a method that can unambiguously distinguish between natural and activated Na-rich bentonites.The paper deals with the preparation of several alkali-activated sets, specifically (a) anhydrous Na2CO3 with trace amounts of thermonatrite (Na2CO3.H2O) and trona (Na3(CO3)(HCO3).2H2O), hereafter called ASC, (b) mixtures of ASC with CaCO3, and (c) mixtures of ASC with CaCO3 and a Ca2+-rich bentonite at different moisture contents, to distinguish natural and alkali-activated bentonites by simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) linked with a mass spectrometer for the analysis of evolved gases. STA linked with MS revealed alkali activation of bentonites, even in the presence of CaCO3. The moisture content during activation and storage of activated samples, however, has a strong influence on the detection of activated samples by STA-MS. Uncertainties remain with respect to unknown foreign phase contents of technical ASC used for alkali activation in practice and the influence of carbonates like dolomite or siderite, which are often present in natural bentonites.

Drying and storage of prechilled Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, seeds

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Muller ◽  
E Falleri ◽  
E Laroppe ◽  
M Bonnet-Masimbert
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Dormancy Release ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Germination Speed ◽  
And Storage

Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, seeds exhibit relative dormancy as they do not germinate at suboptimal temperature (15°C), whereas at optimal temperature (20°C) some germination occurred. Thus, germination at 15°C was chosen to estimate dormancy release. In the first experiment, seeds were prechilled at 32% moisture content (MC) for 0-34 weeks at 3°C. Long chilling treatments enhanced germinability and, more markedly, germination speed both at 20°C and at 15°C. Seeds pretreated for the longest periods were then dried to 6.7% MC and stored up to 6 months without any detrimental effect on germination at 15°C. In the second experiment, seeds from a second seedlot were prechilled for 18 weeks and then stored at three different MCs over a period of 17 months. Seeds stored at the lowest MC (6.7%) germinated fastest and to the highest percentage both at 15 and 20°C. In the nursery, seedling emergence tests confirmed results from this experiment. In most cases, comparisons between seeds prechilled at controlled MC before storage and those stratified with the traditional method resulted in better performance of the first ones, both in the laboratory and in the nursery.

scholarly journals Preparation and Storage of High-Titer Lactic Streptococcus Bacteriophages1

1974 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
J. Nyiendo ◽  
Ramon J. Seidler ◽  
W. E. Sandine ◽  
P. R. Elliker
Keyword(s):  
High Titer ◽  
And Storage
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document