scholarly journals Three-dimensional visualisation of the internal anatomy of the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) forelimb using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Bribiesca-Contreras ◽  
William I. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Accipiter Nisus ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Muscle Geometry ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Non Destructive

BackgroundGross dissection is a widespread method for studying animal anatomy, despite being highly destructive and time-consuming. X-ray computed tomography (CT) has been shown to be a non-destructive alternative for studying anatomical structures. However, in the past it has been limited to only being able to visualise mineralised tissues. In recent years, morphologists have started to use traditional X-ray contrast agents to allow the visualisation of soft tissue elements in the CT context. The aim of this project is to assess the ability of contrast-enhanced micro-CT (μCT) to construct a three-dimensional (3D) model of the musculoskeletal system of the bird wing and to quantify muscle geometry and any systematic changes due to shrinkage. We expect that this reconstruction can be used as an anatomical guide to the sparrowhawk wing musculature and form the basis of further biomechanical analysis of flight.MethodsA 3% iodine-buffered formalin solution with a 25-day staining period was used to visualise the wing myology of the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). μCT scans of the wing were taken over the staining period until full penetration of the forelimb musculature by iodine was reached. A 3D model was reconstructed by manually segmenting out the individual elements of the avian wing using 3D visualisation software.ResultsDifferent patterns of contrast were observed over the duration of the staining treatment with the best results occurring after 25 days of staining. Staining made it possible to visualise and identify different elements of the soft tissue of the wing. Finally, a 3D reconstruction of the musculoskeletal system of the sparrowhawk wing is presented and numerical data of muscle geometry is compared to values obtained by dissection.DiscussionContrast-enhanced μCT allows the visualisation and identification of the wing myology of birds, including the smaller muscles in the hand, and provides a non-destructive way for quantifying muscle volume with an accuracy of 96.2%. By combining contrast-enhanced μCT with 3D visualisation techniques, it is possible to study the individual muscles of the forelimb in their original position and 3D design, which can be the basis of further biomechanical analysis. Because the stain can be washed out post analysis, this technique provides a means of obtaining quantitative muscle data from museum specimens non-destructively.

Generation of a 3D model of the inside volume of shoes for e-commerce applications using industrial X-ray computed tomography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Wittmann ◽  
G Herl ◽  
J Hiller
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Region Growing ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Surface Data ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
The Individual

Abstract In 2018, 47 % of global internet users had purchased footwear products through the internet, making it the second most popular online shopping category worldwide right after clothing with 57 %. In the same year, on average, about every sixth parcel delivered in Germany (16.3 %) was returned. With the effort and costs that are associated with the return of shoes, the objective of reducing the number of returns for shoes promises an enormous economic potential and helps to reduce the CO2 emissions due to a lower trafic volume. This paper presents a workflow for determining the inside volume surface of shoes using industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT). The fundamental idea is based on the Region Growing (RG) method for the segmentation of the shoe's inner volume. Experiments are performed to illustrate the correlation of image quality and segmentation result. After obtaining the 3D surface model of an individual foot, the inner volume surface data of a scanned shoe can then be registered and evaluated in order to provide a reliable feedback for the customer regarding the accuracy of fit of a shoe and the individual foot on the basis of an overall "metric of comfort" before buying online. This step is not part of the work at hand. Conclusions are drawn and suggestions for improving the robustness and the exibility of the workflow are given, so it can be adapted to various shoe types and implemented in a fully automated measurement process in the future.

scholarly journals Contrast-Enhanced Nanofocus X-Ray Computed Tomography Allows Virtual Three-Dimensional Histopathology and Morphometric Analysis of Osteoarthritis in Small Animal Models

Cartilage ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greet Kerckhofs ◽  
Julie Sainz ◽  
Marina Maréchal ◽  
Martine Wevers ◽  
Tom Van de Putte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Small Animal Models

X-Ray Computed Tomography Studies of 3D Meso-Defect Volume Distribution Changes of Cement Paste due to Carbonation

2010 ◽  
Vol 163-167 ◽  
pp. 3061-3066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian De Han ◽  
Gang Hua Pan ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Cai Hui Wang ◽  
Hui Rong
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cement Paste ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Defect Volume

X-ray computed tomography (XCT), a non-destructive test, was used to study three dimensional (3D) meso-defect volume distribution changes of cement paste due to carbonation. The 3D meso-defect volume from 0.02mm3 ~5mm3 before and after carbonation was analyzed through add-on modules of 3D defect analysis. The experimental results show that the meso-defect volume fraction before and after carbonation are 0.7685% and 2.44%, respectively. After carbonation, the smaller defect increased significantly than the bigger defect.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional Non-destructive Visualization of Teeth Enamel Microcracks Using X-ray Micro-computed Tomography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma Dumbryte ◽  
Arturas Vailionis ◽  
Edvinas Skliutas ◽  
Saulius Juodkazis ◽  
Mangirdas Malinauskas
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
Structure Damage ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract Although the topic of tooth fractures has been extensively analyzed in the dental literature, there is still insufficient information on the potential effect of enamel microcracks (EMCs) to the underlying tooth structures. For precise examination of tooth structure damage in the area of EMCs (i.e. whether it crosses the dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) and reaches dentin or pulp), volumetric (three-dimensional (3D)) evaluation of EMCs is necessary. The aim of this study was to present an X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) as a technique suitable for 3D non-destructive visualization and qualitative analysis of different severity teeth EMCs. Extracted human maxillary premolars were examined using a μCT instrument ZEISS Xradia 520 Versa. In order to separate (segment) cracks from the rest of the tooth a Deep Learning Tool was utilized within the ORS Dragonfly software. The scanning technique used allowed for the recognition and detection of EMCs that are not only visible on the outer surface but also those that are deeply buried inside the tooth. The 3D visualization combined with Deep Learning segmentation enabled evaluation of EMC dynamics as it extends from the cervical to the occlusal part of the tooth, and precise examination of EMC position with respect to the DEJ.

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