Generation of a 3D model of the inside volume of shoes for e-commerce applications using industrial X-ray computed tomography

Engineering Research Express ◽

10.1088/2631-8695/ac43c8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

J Wittmann ◽

G Herl ◽

J Hiller

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

3D Model ◽

Region Growing ◽

Surface Model ◽

Economic Potential ◽

X Ray ◽

Internet Users ◽

Surface Data ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

The Individual

Abstract In 2018, 47 % of global internet users had purchased footwear products through the internet, making it the second most popular online shopping category worldwide right after clothing with 57 %. In the same year, on average, about every sixth parcel delivered in Germany (16.3 %) was returned. With the effort and costs that are associated with the return of shoes, the objective of reducing the number of returns for shoes promises an enormous economic potential and helps to reduce the CO2 emissions due to a lower trafic volume. This paper presents a workflow for determining the inside volume surface of shoes using industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT). The fundamental idea is based on the Region Growing (RG) method for the segmentation of the shoe's inner volume. Experiments are performed to illustrate the correlation of image quality and segmentation result. After obtaining the 3D surface model of an individual foot, the inner volume surface data of a scanned shoe can then be registered and evaluated in order to provide a reliable feedback for the customer regarding the accuracy of fit of a shoe and the individual foot on the basis of an overall "metric of comfort" before buying online. This step is not part of the work at hand. Conclusions are drawn and suggestions for improving the robustness and the exibility of the workflow are given, so it can be adapted to various shoe types and implemented in a fully automated measurement process in the future.

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Making 3D model of atrioventricular xenopericardial bioprosthesis from X-ray computed tomography data

2016 11th International Forum on Strategic Technology (IFOST) ◽

10.1109/ifost.2016.7884317 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

D Ivashkov ◽

A Batranin ◽

S Stuchebrov ◽

K Klyshnikov ◽

E Ovcharenko

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

3D Model ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

Tomography Data

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Three-dimensional visualisation of the internal anatomy of the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) forelimb using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.3039 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. e3039 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Fernanda Bribiesca-Contreras ◽

William I. Sellers

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

3D Model ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Biomechanical Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Accipiter Nisus ◽

Contrast Enhanced ◽

Muscle Geometry ◽

The Individual ◽

Non Destructive

BackgroundGross dissection is a widespread method for studying animal anatomy, despite being highly destructive and time-consuming. X-ray computed tomography (CT) has been shown to be a non-destructive alternative for studying anatomical structures. However, in the past it has been limited to only being able to visualise mineralised tissues. In recent years, morphologists have started to use traditional X-ray contrast agents to allow the visualisation of soft tissue elements in the CT context. The aim of this project is to assess the ability of contrast-enhanced micro-CT (μCT) to construct a three-dimensional (3D) model of the musculoskeletal system of the bird wing and to quantify muscle geometry and any systematic changes due to shrinkage. We expect that this reconstruction can be used as an anatomical guide to the sparrowhawk wing musculature and form the basis of further biomechanical analysis of flight.MethodsA 3% iodine-buffered formalin solution with a 25-day staining period was used to visualise the wing myology of the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). μCT scans of the wing were taken over the staining period until full penetration of the forelimb musculature by iodine was reached. A 3D model was reconstructed by manually segmenting out the individual elements of the avian wing using 3D visualisation software.ResultsDifferent patterns of contrast were observed over the duration of the staining treatment with the best results occurring after 25 days of staining. Staining made it possible to visualise and identify different elements of the soft tissue of the wing. Finally, a 3D reconstruction of the musculoskeletal system of the sparrowhawk wing is presented and numerical data of muscle geometry is compared to values obtained by dissection.DiscussionContrast-enhanced μCT allows the visualisation and identification of the wing myology of birds, including the smaller muscles in the hand, and provides a non-destructive way for quantifying muscle volume with an accuracy of 96.2%. By combining contrast-enhanced μCT with 3D visualisation techniques, it is possible to study the individual muscles of the forelimb in their original position and 3D design, which can be the basis of further biomechanical analysis. Because the stain can be washed out post analysis, this technique provides a means of obtaining quantitative muscle data from museum specimens non-destructively.

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Assessment of wood microstructural changes after one-stage thermo-hydro treatment (THT) by micro X-ray computed tomography

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2014-0337 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 167-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vladimirs Biziks ◽

Jan Van den Bulcke ◽

Juris Grinins ◽

Holger Militz ◽

Bruno Andersons ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Cell Types ◽

Volume Reduction ◽

Fiber Volume ◽

Microstructural Changes ◽

X Ray ◽

Lumen Volume ◽

Before And After ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

The Individual

AbstractThe microstructural changes in a selection of softwoods and hardwoods resulting from thermo-hydro treatment (THT) at 160°C were examined by means of a state-of-the-art micro X-ray computed tomography. A dedicated X-ray scanning and volumetric processing protocol was developed. All reconstructed volumes had an approximate voxel pitch between 0.8 and 1.2 μm3. The microstructures of the same needle-shaped specimens before and after THT were visualized, and the individual parameters (maximum opening and lumen volume) for various cell types were quantified and compared. The highest values of substance volume were recorded for the ash sapwood (81%) and spruce specimens (72%). After THT, a significant correlation was found between the mass loss determined by gravimetry and the X-ray volume loss. The largest change occurred in the lumen volume of several tissue components, such as libriform fibers, tracheids, and ray parenchyma. The average aspen fiber volume reduction after THT was 31%, a value 2.6 times higher than the volume reduction of the average vessels. The porosity of ash sapwood increased from 41 to 56%, whereas the porosity of birch decreased from 34 to 29%.

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Data fusion of surface data sets of X-ray computed tomography measurements using locally determined surface quality values

Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems ◽

10.5194/jsss-7-551-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 551-557 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andreas Michael Müller ◽

Tino Hausotte

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Data Fusion ◽

Measurement System ◽

Data Sets ◽

X Ray ◽

Local Quality ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

Quality Value ◽

The Individual ◽

Energy Dependent

Abstract. X-ray computed tomography as a measurement system faces some difficulties concerning the quality of the acquired measurements due to energy-dependent interaction of polychromatic radiation with the examined object at hand. There are many different techniques to reduce the negative influences of these artefact phenomena, which is also the aim of this newly introduced method. The key idea is to create several measurements of the same object, which only differ in their orientation inside the ray path of the measurement system. These measurements are then processed to selectively correct faulty surface regions. To calculate the needed geometrical transformations between the different measurements with the goal of a congruent alignment in one coordinate system, an extension of the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm is used. To quantitatively classify any surface point regarding its quality value to determine the individual need of correction for each point, the local quality value (LQV) method is used, which has been developed at the Institute of Manufacturing Metrology. Different data fusion algorithms are presented whose performances are tested and verified using nominal–actual comparisons.

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Two methods of using X-ray Computed Tomography to predict carcass composition in sheep

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200009534 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2005 ◽

pp. 42-42

Author(s):

J. M. Macfarlane ◽

R. M. Lewis ◽

G. C. Emmans ◽

J.M. Young ◽

G. Simm

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Ct Scanning ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

The Body ◽

Anatomical Landmarks ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

Breed Selection ◽

The Individual

X-ray computed tomography (CT) can be used to accurately assess carcass composition in sheep (Sehested, 1984; Young et al., 2001) both in research and commercially, as part of a breed selection programme. Two different CT scanning methods have been used: a) the reference scan method where tissue weights are predicted from tissue areas in a small set of cross-sectional scans at ‘anatomical landmarks’, and b) the Cavalieri method where a larger number of scans are taken along the body. It is of interest to examine the accuracy of evaluations made using these two methods and the individual merits of the two methods depending on their application.

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