scholarly journals SLCV–a supervised learning—computer vision combined strategy for automated muscle fibre detection in cross-sectional images

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7053
Author(s):  
Anika Rettig ◽  
Tobias Haase ◽  
Alexandr Pletnyov ◽  
Benjamin Kohl ◽  
Wolfgang Ertel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Supervised Learning ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Reconstruction Error ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Dice Similarity Coefficient ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Staining Methods ◽  
Combined Strategy

Muscle fibre cross-sectional area (CSA) is an important biomedical measure used to determine the structural composition of skeletal muscle, and it is relevant for tackling research questions in many different fields of research. To date, time consuming and tedious manual delineation of muscle fibres is often used to determine the CSA. Few methods are able to automatically detect muscle fibres in muscle fibre cross-sections to quantify CSA due to challenges posed by variation of brightness and noise in the staining images. In this paper, we introduce the supervised learning-computer vision combined pipeline (SLCV), a robust semi-automatic pipeline for muscle fibre detection, which combines supervised learning (SL) with computer vision (CV). SLCV is adaptable to different staining methods and is quickly and intuitively tunable by the user. We are the first to perform an error analysis with respect to cell count and area, based on which we compare SLCV to the best purely CV-based pipeline in order to identify the contribution of SL and CV steps to muscle fibre detection. Our results obtained on 27 fluorescence-stained cross-sectional images of varying staining quality suggest that combining SL and CV performs significantly better than both SL-based and CV-based methods with regards to both the cell separation- and the area reconstruction error. Furthermore, applying SLCV to our test set images yielded fibre detection results of very high quality, with average sensitivity values of 0.93 or higher on different cluster sizes and an average Dice similarity coefficient of 0.9778.

scholarly journals Neuromuscular organization of avian flight muscle: architecture of single muscle fibres in muscle units of the pectoralis (pars thoracicus) of pigeon (Columba livia)

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1385) ◽  
pp. 917-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Sokoloff ◽  
G. E. Goslow
Keyword(s):  
Motor Unit ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Fast Twitch

The M. pectoralis (pars thoracicus) of pigeons ( Columba livia ) is comprised of short muscle fibres that do not extend from muscle origin to insertion but overlap ‘in-series’. Individual pectoralis motor units are limited in territory to a portion of muscle length and are comprised of either fast twitch, oxidative and glycolytic fibres (FOG) or fast twitch and glycolytic fibres (FG). FOG fibres make up 88 to 90% of the total muscle population and have a mean diameter one-half of that of the relatively large FG fibres. Here we report on the organization of individual fibres identified in six muscle units depleted of glycogen, three comprised of FOG fibres and three comprised of FG fibres. For each motor unit, fibre counts revealed unequal numbers of depleted fibres in different unit cross-sections. We traced individual fibres in one unit comprised of FOG fibres and a second comprised of FG fibres. Six fibres from a FOG unit (total length 15.45 mm) ranged from 10.11 to 11.82 mm in length and averaged (±s.d.) 10.74±0.79 mm. All originated bluntly (en mass) from a fascicle near the proximal end of the muscle unit and all terminated intramuscularly. Five of these ended in a taper and one ended bluntly. Fibres coursed on average for 70% of the muscle unit length. Six fibres from a FG unit (total length 34.76 mm) ranged from 8.97 to 18.38 mm in length and averaged 15.32 ±3.75 mm. All originated bluntly and terminated intramuscularly; one of these ended in a taper and five ended bluntly. Fibres coursed on average for 44% of the muscle unit length. Because fibres of individual muscle units do not extend the whole muscle unit territory, the effective cross-sectional area changes along the motor unit length. These non-uniformities in the distribution of fibres within a muscle unit emphasize that the functional interactions within and between motor units are complex.

Histology of allometric growth in hindlimb muscles of pigs

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-632
Author(s):  
H. J. Swatland
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Allometric Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles

SUMMARYHindlimbs of pigs were dissected at 4-week intervals from 9 to 29 weeks after birth. Allometric growth ratios of the gluteal muscles, biceps femoris and semitendinosus were calculated relative to gastrocnemius. Relative growth in weight of the proximal limb muscles was greater than that of the distal muscle, gastrocnemius. The greater relative growth of proximal muscles was not due to greater relative growth of muscle fibre diameters, nor to greater relative growth of muscle cross-sectional areas. In biceps femoris and gluteal muscles, growth in the area of musole cross sections did not keep pace with the radial growth of muscle fibres. The relative longitudinal growth of proximal limb bones exceeded that of distal bones, and the relative longitudinal growth of biceps femoris and semitendinosus exceeded that of any of the limb bones. New sarcomeres were added to muscle length at a faster rate in biceps femoris and semitendinosus than in the peroneus longus located distally in the limb.

The effects of age at slaughter, genotype and finishing system on the biochemical properties, muscle fibre type characteristics and eating quality of bull beef from suckled calves

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Maltin ◽  
K. D. Sinclair ◽  
P. D. Warriss ◽  
C. M. Grant ◽  
A. D. Porter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Fibre Type ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percentage Area ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Intramuscular Fat Content

AbstractMuscle fibre characteristics and biochemical properties of muscle recovered from young bulls of two genotypes (Aberdeen Angus × and Charolais ×), reared on two different diets (silage-based and barley-based) and slaughtered at varying ages between 10 and 19 months of age were established. These analyses were restricted to samples ofm. longissimus lumborum (LI) recovered at 48 h post mortem, vacuum packed and stored at 2°C for 14 days. Biochemical measurements included intramuscular fat content, intramuscular collagen content and its solubility, haem pigment concentration, sarcomere length and myofibril fragmentation. Muscle fibre type was classified according to the contractile nature of thefibres and their metabolic properties.Intramuscular fat content increased (P < 0·01) with age at slaughter and at a fixed age was greater for Angus × than Charolais × bulls (211·5 v. 295·8 mg/g dry matter, P < 0·01). Total intramuscular collagen and its solubility tended to decrease with age (P < 0·01). Differences in haem pigment concentration in samples of LI were detected between genotype (3·99 v. 3·59 mg/g for Angus × and Charolais × bulls; P × 0·01) and diet (3·97 v. 3·62 mg/g for bulls given barley and silage; P < 0·01), and increased with age at slaughter (P < 0·01). There was a significant increase in eye muscle cross-sectional area with increasing slaughter date (P < 0·01) and this was paralleled by an increase in cross-sectional area of individual muscle fibres (P < 0·001). Differences in cross-sectional area of individual muscle fibres between genotype and diet were small and inconsistent. Charolais × bulls had a greater percentage area of fast twitch glycolytic fibres than Angus × bulls (54·3 v. 49·3%; P < 0·01) and a smaller percentage area of slow twitch oxidative fibres (15·8 v. 18·9%; P < 0·05). Beef tenderness was positively correlated (r = 0·48; P < 0·01) with the frequency of slow twitch oxidative fibres and negatively correlated (r = -0·38; P < 0·05) with the frequency offast twitch glycolytic fibres.

scholarly journals Composition and cross-sectional area of muscle fibre types in relation to daily gain and lean and fat content of carcass in Landrace and Yorkshire pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marita Ruusunen ◽  
Marja-Liisa Sevon-Aimonen ◽  
Eero Puolanne
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs

The muscle fibre-type properties of longissimus were compared between Landrace and Yorkshire breeds and between the sexes in an attempt to shed light on the relationship of these histochemical parameters to animal growth and carcass composition. Muscle fibres were classified into three groups, type I, type lIA and type 11B, using the myosin ATPase method. At a given live weight, the cross-sectional area of type I fibres (CSA1) was smaller (p

scholarly journals Preferred metabolic pathway of bovine muscle fibre revealed by synchrotron–deep ultraviolet fluorescence imaging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Astruc ◽  
Olivier Loison ◽  
Frédéric Jamme ◽  
Matthieu Réfrégiers ◽  
Annie Vénien
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Imaging ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Bovine Muscle ◽  
Deep Ultraviolet

The different bovine muscle fibre types I, IIA and IIX are characterised by their preferred metabolic pathway, either oxidative (I, IIA) or glycolytic (IIX), and their contraction speed, either slow-twitch (I) or fast-twitch (IIA, IIX). These physiological specificities are associated with variations in intracellular composition and their fluorescence spectra signatures. We hypothesised that these slight differences in autofluorescence responses could be used to discriminate the muscle fibre types by fluorescence imaging. Serial histological cross-sections of beef longissimus dorsi were performed: the start set was used to identify the metabolic and contractile type of muscle fibres by both immunohistoenzymology and immunohistofluorescence, and the following set was used to acquire synchrotron–deep ultraviolet (UV) autofluorescence images after excitation in the UV range (275 nm and 315 nm). This strategy made it possible to explore the label-free autofluorescence of muscle cells previously subtyped by histochemistry. Glycolytic cells (IIX) showed more intense fluorescence than oxidative cells (I and IIA) with near-90 % accuracy. This discrimination is more specifically assigned to the fluorescence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. UV autofluorescence was unable to discriminate contractile type.

scholarly journals Number of conceptuses in utero affects porcine fetal muscle development

Reproduction ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C Town ◽  
C T Putman ◽  
N J Turchinsky ◽  
W T Dixon ◽  
G R Foxcroft
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Semitendinosus Muscle ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fetal Organ ◽  
Muscle Cross Sectional Area

Unmodified, third parity, control sows (CTR; n = 30) or sows subjected to unilateral oviduct ligation before breeding (LIG; n = 30), were slaughtered at either day 30 or day 90 of gestation and used to determine the effects of numbers of conceptuses in utero on prenatal, and particularly muscle fibre, development. Ovulation rate, number of conceptuses in utero, placental and fetal size, and (day 90 sows) fetal organ and semitendinosus muscle development were recorded. Tubal ligation reduced (P < 0.05) the number of viable embryos at day 30 and fetuses at day 90. Placental weight at day 30 and day 90, and fetal weight at day 90, were lower (P < 0.05) in CTR sows. All body organs except the brain were lighter, and the brain:liver weight ratio was higher in CTR fetuses (P < 0.05), indicative of brain sparing and intrauterine growth restriction in fetuses from CTR sows. Muscle weight, muscle cross-sectional area and the total number of secondary fibres were also lower (P < 0.05) in CTR fetuses. The number of primary fibres, the secondary:primary muscle fibre ratio, and the distribution of myosin heavy chain-Iβ, -IIa, fetal and embryonic isoforms did not differ between groups. Thus, even the relatively modest uterine crowding occurring naturally in CTR sows negatively affected placental and fetal development and the number of secondary muscle fibres. Consequences of more extreme crowding in utero on fetal and postnatal development, resulting from changing patterns of early embryonic survival, merit further investigation.

scholarly journals Malleability of the motor system: a comparative approach

1985 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Goldspink
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Fibre Type ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Muscle Fibre Type ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Type Transformation

The various ways in which the power output of muscles can be changed are described. As a result of exercise and growth, force production is increased by an increase in the cross-sectional area of the fibres. This is associated with changes in the rate of synthesis and degradation of muscle proteins which lead to build up of the myofibrils. These then split longitudinally when they reach a critical size. This process is repeated so that the number of myofibrils increases very considerably. Also, during growth, the displacement is increased by increasing the length of the muscles. To do this more sarcomeres are produced in series along the length of the fibres. This is induced by stretch which also encourages fibre growth in girth as well as in length. Yet another way of changing the power output of a muscle is to change the types of muscle fibres (motor units) within the muscle. Fibre type transformation has been fibres (motor units) within the muscle. Fibre type transformation has been shown to occur with cross innervation and stimulation but it does not usually occur with exercise training. It has been possible, however, to change the fibre type proportions in young animals. Also, by combining stretch with stimulation, it has been possible for instance to make the fast glycolytic fibres add on fast oxidative type sarcomeres or even slow oxidation type sarcomeres. Interestingly, fibre transformation also occurs in some species of fish during acclimation to low temperatures in that the specific myofibrillar ATPase activity is increased. This means that the reduction in power output due to decreased temperature is to some extent compensated for by an increase in the intrinsic rate of shortening. EMG studies of fish swimming at different temperatures have shown that the acclimated fish can swim faster and can derive more aerobic sustainable power as a result of this change.

scholarly journals Feed Restriction and Muscle Fibre Characteristics of Pectoralis Major in Broiler Chickens

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
D. Chodová ◽  
E. Tůmová
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Pectoralis Major ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fibre Area ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
Musculus Pectoralis Major ◽  
Fibre Characteristics

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of one-week quantitative feed restriction (in days 8-14 of age) on histological characteristics of musculus pectoralis major in broiler chickens during the fattening period. Cockerels of Ross 308 (1215 chicken) were divided into 3 groups: ad libitum fed (AL; 3 × 135), restricted 80% of AL (R80; 3 × 135), and with limited feed intake 65% of AL (R65; 3 × 135). Eight cockerels per group were slaughtered in weekly intervals from day 14 of age till the end of experiment at 35 days to determine changes in the muscle fibre characteristics. The number of muscle fibres in pectoralis major decreased (P ≤ 0.001) with increasing age. Fibre cross sectional area was s ignificantly (P ≤ 0.027) affected by the interaction of group and age. At the end of feed restriction at 14 days all groups had similar fibre area (519-539 μm2), the differences between groups were observed at 35 days of age with the largest fibre area in R65 chickens (2296 μm2), while R80 did not differ from AL (1728 μm2 and 1667 μm2). There was no effect of feeding regime on giant muscle fibre incidence.

Gender determination of caucasoid hair using image analysis

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
T.B. Ball ◽  
W.M. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Scalp Hair ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Morphological Differences

It has been demonstrated that cross sections of bundles of hair can be effectively studied using image analysis. These studies can help to elucidate morphological differences of hair from one region of the body to another. The purpose of the present investigation was to use image analysis to determine whether morphological differences could be demonstrated between male and female human Caucasian terminal scalp hair.Hair samples were taken from the back of the head from 18 caucasoid males and 13 caucasoid females (Figs. 1-2). Bundles of 50 hairs were processed for cross-sectional examination and then analyzed using Prism Image Analysis software on a Macintosh llci computer. Twenty morphological parameters of size and shape were evaluated for each hair cross-section. The size parameters evaluated were area, convex area, perimeter, convex perimeter, length, breadth, fiber length, width, equivalent diameter, and inscribed radius. The shape parameters considered were formfactor, roundness, convexity, solidity, compactness, aspect ratio, elongation, curl, and fractal dimension.

Automated 3D measurement of fiber cross section morphology in handsheets

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Lorbach ◽  
Ulrich Hirn ◽  
Johannes Kritzinger ◽  
Wolfgang Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Image Plane ◽  
3D Measurement ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fiber Cross Section ◽  
Fiber Wall ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
Cross Section Geometry

Abstract We present a method for 3D measurement of fiber cross sectional morphology from handsheets. An automated procedure is used to acquire 3D datasets of fiber cross sectional images using an automated microtome and light microscopy. The fiber cross section geometry is extracted using digital image analysis. Simple sample preparation and highly automated image acquisition and image analysis are providing an efficient tool to analyze large samples. It is demonstrated that if fibers are tilted towards the image plane the images of fiber cross sections are always larger than the true fiber cross section geometry. In our analysis the tilting angles of the fibers to the image plane are measured. The resulting fiber cross sectional images are distorted to compensate the error due to fiber tilt, restoring the true fiber cross sectional shape. We use an approximated correction, the paper provides error estimates of the approximation. Measurement results for fiber wall thickness, fiber coarseness and fiber collapse are presented for one hardwood and one softwood pulp.

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