Abundance of arthropods as food for meadow bird chicks in response to short- and long-term soil wetting in Dutch dairy grasslands

Background Throughout the world, intensive dairy farming has resulted in grasslands almost devoid of arthropods and birds. Meadow birds appear to be especially vulnerable during the chick-rearing period. So far, studies have focused mainly on describing population declines, but solutions to effectively stop these trends on the short-term are lacking. In this study at a single farm, we experimentally manipulated soil moisture through occasional irrigation, to mitigate against early season drainage and create favorable conditions for the emergence of above-ground arthropods during the meadow bird chick rearing phase. Methods To guarantee the presence of at least a sizeable arthropod community for the measurement of effects of wetting, we selected a farm with low intensity management. The land use and intensity of the study site and surroundings were categorized according to the national land use database and quantified using remote sensing imagery. From May 1 to June 18, 2017, we compared a control situation, with no water added, to two wetting treatments, a “short-term” (3 weeks) treatment based on wetting on warm days with a sprinkler system and a “long-term” treatment next to a water pond with a consistently raised water table from 2010. We measured soil temperature, soil moisture and resistance as well as the biomass of arthropods at 3-day intervals. Flying arthropods were sampled by sticky traps and crawling arthropods by pitfall traps. Individual arthropods were identified to Order and their length recorded, to assess their relevance to meadow bird chicks. Results The land use analysis confirmed that the selected dairy farm had very low intensity management. This was different from most of the surrounding area (20 km radius), characterized by (very) high intensity land use. The experiments showed that irrigation contributed to cooler soils during midday, and that his happened already in the early part of the season; the differences with the control increased with time. In the short- and long-term treatments, soil moisture increased and soil resistance decreased from the mid-measurement period onward. Compared with the control, cumulative arthropod biomass was higher in the long-term treatment, but showed no change in the irrigation treatment. We conclude that small-scale interventions, such as occasional irrigation, favorably affected local soil properties. However, the effects on above-ground arthropod abundance currently appear limited or overridden by negative landscape-scale processes on arthropods.

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Mitochondrial and Oxidative Impacts of Short and Long-term Administration of HAART on HIV Patients

Current Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1574884714666190905162237 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 110-124

Author(s):

Joy E. Ikekpeazu ◽

Oliver C. Orji ◽

Ikenna K. Uchendu ◽

Lawrence U.S. Ezeanyika

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Hiv Patients ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Term Administration ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

One Year

Background and Objective: There may be a possible link between the use of HAART and oxidative stress-related mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV patients. We evaluated the mitochondrial and oxidative impacts of short and long-term administration of HAART on HIV patients attending the Enugu State University Teaching (ESUT) Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria following short and long-term therapy. Methods: 96 patients categorized into four groups of 24 individuals were recruited for the study. Group 1 comprised of age-matched, apparently healthy, sero-negative individuals (the No HIV group); group 2 consisted of HIV sero-positive individuals who had not started any form of treatment (the Treatment naïve group). Individuals in group 3 were known HIV patients on HAART for less than one year (Short-term treatment group), while group 4 comprised of HIV patients on HAART for more than one year (Long-term treatment group). All patients were aged between 18 to 60 years and attended the HIV clinic at the time of the study. Determination of total antioxidant status (TAS in nmol/l), malondialdehyde (MDA in mmol/l), CD4+ count in cells/μl, and genomic studies were all done using standard operative procedures. Results: We found that the long-term treatment group had significantly raised the levels of MDA, as well as significantly diminished TAS compared to the Short-term treatment and No HIV groups (P<0.05). In addition, there was significantly elevated variation in the copy number of mitochondrial genes (mtDNA: D-loop, ATPase 8, TRNALEU uur) in the long-term treatment group. Interpretation and Conclusion: Long-term treatment with HAART increases oxidative stress and causes mitochondrial alterations in HIV patients.

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Protein Metabolism in Acromegaly: Differential Effects of Short- and Long-Term Treatment

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2006-0664 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 92 (4) ◽

pp. 1479-1484 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

James Gibney ◽

Troels Wolthers ◽

Morton G. Burt ◽

Kin-Chuen Leung ◽

A. Margot Umpleby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Oxidation ◽

Protein Metabolism ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Protein Breakdown ◽

Short Term ◽

Leucine Oxidation ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Short And Long Term

Abstract Context: GH acutely increases body protein by stimulating protein synthesis and reducing protein oxidation. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether these changes in protein metabolism are sustained in long-term GH excess and reversed by correction. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 16 acromegalic and 18 normal subjects and a longitudinal study in which acromegalic subjects were studied before and after short-term (n = 8) or long-term (n = 10) treatment. Setting: The study was conducted at a clinical research center. Main Outcome Measures: Whole-body rates of leucine appearance (leucine Ra; an index of protein breakdown), leucine oxidation, and nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD; an index of protein synthesis) estimated using infusion of 1-[13C] leucine were measured. Results: Leucine Ra and NOLD were greater (P < 0.01) in acromegalic compared with normal subjects, whereas leucine oxidation did not differ. Leucine oxidation increased significantly (P < 0.05) after short-term treatment but returned to baseline after long-term treatment. Both leucine Ra and NOLD decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after short- and long-term treatment. Adjustment for body composition did not affect results. Conclusions: In acromegalic subjects, protein breakdown and synthesis are increased, whereas protein oxidation does not differ from normal subjects. Protein oxidation increases transiently, whereas protein breakdown and synthesis are stably reduced after treatment. Because protein oxidation represents irreversible loss, we conclude that the normal state of protein oxidation found in acromegaly and after long-term treatment represents metabolic adaptation, which maintains protein mass at a steady state after stable changes in GH status.

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Effects of short- and long-term feeding of L-carnitine and congeners on the production of eicosanoids from rat peritoneal leucocytes

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19940080 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 785-793 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ingrid M. Garrelds ◽

Graham R. Elliott ◽

Freek J. Zijlstra ◽

Iván L. Bonta

Keyword(s):

Term Treatment ◽

Short Term ◽

Young Rats ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Prostaglandin F ◽

Old Rats ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Propionyl Carnitine ◽

In Cells

The effect of short- and long-term feeding with L-carnitine, L-acetyl carnitine and L-propionyl carnitine on the production of eicosanoids front in vitro stimulated carrageenan-induced rat peritoneal macrophages was investigated. Both young (4 weeks) and old (18 months) rats were used. A lower number of cells was isolated from the peritonea of treated than control young rats after 4 d feeding, but after 60 d no differences were observed. A similar reduction in cell number was found when old animals were given L-acetyl carnitine or L-propionyl carnitine (acutely) or L-acetyl carnitine or L-carnitine (chronically). Plasma carnitine levels were higher in young rats given carnitine both chronically and acutely. Carnitine derivatives were without effect. In contrast, levels of total carnitine in the plasma of old rats given L-carnitine and L-acetyl carnitine for 4 d and 60 d were higher than in controls. There was no correlation between total plasma carnitine level and effects on prostaglandin, thromboxane and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production. In young rats the most important changes were observed in relation to the production of prostacyclin (PGI2), measured as 6 keto-prostaglandin Flα. Prostacyclin production was higher in the groups given carnitine or its derivatives. The net result of the changes in PGI2 was that the 6 keto-prostaglandin F1α: thromboxane B2 and the 6 keto-prostaglandin Flα:LTB4 ratios tended to be higher in cells from young animals following short-term feeding with L-carnitine. When young rats were given carnitine compounds for 60 d PGI2 production was lower in cells from L-acetyl carnitine- and L-propionyl carnitine-fed animals. The net result of the changes in PGI2 was that the 6 keto-prostaglandin F1α: thromboxane B2 and the 6 keto-prostaglandin F1α:LTB4 ratios were lower in cells from animals fed with carnitine compounds. In old rats the PGI2 production was lower after short-term feeding with carnitine compounds and was higher after long-term feeding. LTB4 production was lower after L-carnitine and L-acetyl carnitine treatment for 4 d and also lower after 60 d treatment with L-acetyl carnitine. The net results of the changes in PGI2 were that the 6 keto-prostaglandin F1α: thromboxane B2 and the 6 keto-prostaglandin F1α:LTB4 ratios were lower after short-term feeding of all three compounds and higher after the long-term treatment with L-acetyl carnitine and L-propionyl carnitine in old rats. By long-term treatment with low-dose aspirin of patients with heart failure and claudication, the 6 keto-prostaglandin F1α: thromboxane B2 ratio is positively increased, which is a beneficial cardioprotective effect. The mechanism of action of carnitine in heart failure and claudication could also be achieved by an increase of this ratio. Our results suggest that elderly patients could be treated chronically by carnitine to obtain this beneficial effect.

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Effects of in vitro short- and long-term treatment with telomerase inhibitor in U-251 glioma cells

Tumor Biology ◽

10.3233/tub-211515 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 327-340

Author(s):

Tales Henrique Andrade da Mota ◽

Ana Flávia Reis Guimarães ◽

Amandda Évelin Silva de Carvalho ◽

Felipe Saldanha- de Araujo ◽

Giselle Pinto de Faria Lopes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Treatment Resistance ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Telomerase Inhibitor ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Short And Long Term

BACKGROUND: The inhibition of the enzyme telomerase (TERT) has been widely investigated as a new pharmacological approach for cancer treatment, but its real potential and the biochemical consequences are not totally understood. OBJECTIVE: Here, we investigated the effects of the telomerase inhibitor MST-312 on a human glioma cell line after both short- and long-term (290 days) treatments. METHODS: Effects on cell growth, viability, cell cycle, morphology, cell death and genes expression were assessed. RESULTS: We found that short-term treatment promoted cell cycle arrest followed by apoptosis. Importantly, cells with telomerase knock-down revealed that the toxic effects of MST-312 are partially TERT dependent. In contrast, although the long-term treatment decreased cell proliferation at first, it also caused adaptations potentially related to treatment resistance and tumor aggressiveness after long time of exposition. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the short-term effects of telomerase inhibition not being due to telomere erosion, they are at least partially related to the enzyme inhibition, which may represent an important strategy to pave the way for tumor growth control, especially through modulation of the non-canonical functions of telomerase. On the other hand, long-term exposure to the inhibitor had the potential to induce cell adaptations with possible negative clinical implications.

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Differential effects of short and long-term treatment with mepolizumab on eosinophil kinetics in blood and sputum in patients with eosinophilic asthma

iScience ◽

10.1016/j.isci.2021.102913 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 102913

Author(s):

M. Hassani ◽

T. Tak ◽

C. van Aalst ◽

S.A. Bendien Van Nederveen ◽

K. Tesselaar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Term Treatment ◽

Eosinophilic Asthma ◽

Differential Effects ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Short And Long Term

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Fluvoxamine in the Treatment of Trichotillomania: An 8-Week, Open-Label Study

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852900006520 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 3 (9) ◽

pp. 64-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gary A. Christenson ◽

Scott J. Crow ◽

James E. Mitchell ◽

Thomas B. Mackenzie ◽

Ross D. Crosby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Response ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Hair Pulling ◽

Short Term ◽

Open Label ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Open Label Study ◽

Label Study ◽

Long Term Treatment

AbstractThis short-term, open-label study investigates short- and long-term effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluvoxamine for the treatment of trichotillomania (TTM). Additionally, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that the presence of hair pulling compulsiveness is predictive of SSRI response. Nineteen subjects meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition Revised, (DSM-III-R) criteria for TTM were treated with fluvoxamine at doses up to 300 mg/day. Random regression analysis of change across time for patients who completed the study (n=14) and those who dropped out (n=5) revealed statistically significant improvements in Physician Rating Scale, hair-pulling episodes, Trichotillomania Impairment Scale, and Trichotillomania Symptom Severity Scale, but not in estimated amount of hair pulled. In addition, the percentage of patients' focused or compulsive hair-pulling symptoms was predictive of treatment response. Unfortunately, all three subjects who entered long-term treatment displayed substantial movement back toward baseline by the end of 6 months. We concluded that fluvoxamine produces moderate reductions in symptoms during the short-term treatment of TTM and that the presence of focused or compulsive hair pulling may be predictive of treatment response. However, responses may be short lived when treatment is extended.

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AB0670 Short and long-term treatment with infliximab in retinal vasculitis of behÇet’s disease. multicenter study of 72 patients

10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.4015 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

J.L. Martín-Varillas ◽

V. Calvo-Río ◽

R. Demetrio-Pablo ◽

B. Atienza-Mateo ◽

J. Loricera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Behçet’S Disease ◽

Multicenter Study ◽

Behcet’S Disease ◽

Behçet's Disease ◽

Retinal Vasculitis ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Behcet's Disease ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Short And Long Term

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Nonmedical Interventions for Schizophrenia: A Review of Diet, Exercise and Social Roles

10.31234/osf.io/8fm32 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel S. Helman

Keyword(s):

Term Treatment ◽

Physical Processes ◽

Dietary Interventions ◽

Short Term ◽

Alternative Interventions ◽

Social Interventions ◽

General Utility ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Abnormal Lipid Metabolism

Schizophrenia is a major mental illness with a disease course that is influenced by lifestyle. The risk-benefit ratio for alternative interventions is more favorable than for antipsychotics in long-term treatment. Dietary interventions may target autoimmune features, vitamin or mineral deficiencies, abnormal lipid metabolism, gluten sensitivity or others. Examples of interventions involving diet, physical activity or physical processes, or social interventions including talk therapy exist in the literature. Notwithstanding, the general utility of these types of interventions remains inconclusive, awaiting long-term randomized trials. A perspective that separates the cause of the disease from its symptoms may be helpful in treatment planning and is warranted to distinguish between short-term and long-term recovery goals.

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