scholarly journals Threshold-like associations as a function of disturbance

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimmo Sorjonen ◽  
Michael Ingre ◽  
Bo Melin
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Disturbing Factor ◽  
Disturbance Factor ◽  
Negative Findings ◽  
Present Simulation ◽  
Virtual Subjects ◽  
Low Motivation

According to the intelligence-creativity threshold hypothesis, there should be a positive association between intelligence and creative potential up to a certain point, the threshold, after which a further increase in intelligence should have no association with creativity. In the present simulation study, the measured intelligence and creativity of virtual subjects were affected by their true abilities as well as a disturbance factor that varied in magnitude between subjects. The results indicate that the hypothesized threshold-like association could be due to some disturbing factor, for example, low motivation, illness, or linguistic confusion, that varies between individuals and that affects both measured intelligence and measured creativity, especially if the actual association between intelligence and creativity is weak. This, together with previous negative findings, calls the validity of the intelligence-creativity threshold hypothesis into question.

scholarly journals Threshold-Like Associations as a Function of Disturbance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimmo Sorjonen ◽  
Michael Ingre ◽  
Bo Melin
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Disturbing Factor ◽  
Disturbance Factor ◽  
Negative Findings ◽  
Present Simulation ◽  
Virtual Subjects ◽  
Low Motivation

According to the intelligence-creativity threshold hypothesis, there should be a positive association between intelligence and creative potential up to a certain point, the threshold, after which a further increase in intelligence should have no association with creativity. In the present simulation study, the measured intelligence and creativity of virtual subjects were affected by their true abilities as well as a disturbance factor that varied in magnitude between subjects. The results indicate that the hypothesized threshold-like association could be due to some disturbing factor, e.g. low motivation, illness, or linguistic confusion, that varies between individuals and that affects both measured intelligence and measured creativity, especially if the actual association between intelligence and creativity is weak. This, together with previous negative findings, calls the validity of the intelligence-creativity threshold hypothesis into question.

scholarly journals Diminishing returns as a function of disturbance

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9490
Author(s):  
Kimmo Sorjonen ◽  
Bo Melin
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Disturbing Factor ◽  
Iq Test ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
Present Simulation ◽  
Low Motivation

According to Spearman’s law of diminishing returns (SLODR), IQ test scores are more g saturated among those with low, compared to those with high, ability. The present simulation shows that such difference in saturation can be observed if test scores are affected by a disturbing factor, for example, low motivation, illness, or linguistic confusion, that varies in magnitude between individuals. More contemporary criteria of SLODR can also be satisfied if test scores are affected by disturbance, especially if the disturbance variable is negatively skewed. This indicates a possible threat against the validity of findings supporting SLODR and points at the importance for researchers to try to eliminate the influence of such disturbing factors from their studies.

scholarly journals Diminishing returns as a function of disturbance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimmo Sorjonen ◽  
Bo Melin
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Disturbing Factor ◽  
Iq Test ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
Present Simulation ◽  
Low Motivation

According to Spearman’s law of diminishing returns (SLODR), IQ test scores are more g saturated among those with low, compared to those with high, ability. The present simulation shows that such difference in saturation can be observed if test scores are affected by a disturbing factor, e.g. low motivation, illness, or linguistic confusion, that varies in magnitude between individuals. Some more contemporary criteria of SLODR can also be satisfied if test scores are affected by disturbance, especially if the disturbance variable is negatively skewed. This indicates a possible threat against the validity of findings supporting SLODR and points at the importance for researchers to try to eliminate the influence of such disturbing factors from their studies.

scholarly journals The Opposite of Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-159
Author(s):  
Maria Meier ◽  
Eva Unternaehrer ◽  
Sabine M. Schorpp ◽  
Maya Wenzel ◽  
Annika Benz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Vagal Tone ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Healthy Female

Abstract. Cognition is affected by psychophysiological states. While the influence of stress on cognition has been investigated intensively, less studies have addressed how the opposite of stress, a state of relaxation, affects cognition. We investigated whether the extent of parasympathetic activation is positively related to divergent thinking. Sixty healthy female participants were randomly allocated to a standardized vagus nerve massage ( n = 19), a standardized soft shoulder massage ( n = 22), or a resting control group ( n = 19). Subsequently, participants completed the Alternative Uses Test (AUT), a measure of divergent thinking. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a vagally mediated heart rate variability component, was monitored throughout the experiment. The area under the curve with respect to the increase was calculated for RSA trajectories as an indicator of vagal tone during the relaxing intervention. Regressions tested the effect of vagal tone on AUT outcomes. We found an association between vagal tone and subsequent AUT outcomes. Yet, this association was no longer significant when controlling for the effect of the creative potential of an individual, which was strongly related to AUT outcomes. Being exploratory, we found a positive association between creative potential and vagal tone. These results imply that creative potential might be related to the capacity to relax.

scholarly journals The peril of adjusting for baseline when using change as a predictor

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimmo Sorjonen ◽  
Daniel Falkstedt ◽  
Bo Melin ◽  
Michael Ingre
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Present Simulation ◽  
Very High ◽  
Time Point

Some studies have analyzed the effect of a predictor measured at a later time point (X1), or of the X1-X0 difference, while adjusting for the predictor measured at baseline (X0), on some outcome Y of interest. The present simulation study shows that, if used to analyze the effect of change in X on Y, there is a high risk for this analysis to produce type 1-errors, especially with a strong correlation between true X and Y, when X0 and X1 are not measured with very high reliability, and with a large sample size. These problems are not encountered if analyzing the unadjusted effect of the X1-X0 difference on Y instead, and as this effect exhibits power on par with the adjusted effect it seems as the preferable method when using change between two measurement points as a predictor.

Finite Element Modeling of Polymer Flow during Hot Embossing with Different Mold Structures and Embossing Conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 305 ◽  
pp. 144-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Yong He ◽  
Jian Zhong Fu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Modeling ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Hot Embossing ◽  
Duty Ratio ◽  
Squeezing Flow ◽  
Polymer Flow ◽  
Common Substrate ◽  
Present Simulation

The geometric structures of the mold and embossing conditions can obviously influence the filling flows in the polymeric patterns. In this study, embossing stamp and substrate with different geometries are used to investigate the flow behavior under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. In general, for the stamp, small duty ratio cavity fills more sufficiently than large duty ratio cavity. With the same cavity duty ratio, inner cavity fills more quickly and sufficient than outer cavity. Compared to multiple cavities stamp, individual cavity fills more slowly, especially embossed with the stamp having small duty ratio cavity. Under non-isothermal embossing, the filling flow indicates a wall climbing flow and the polymer flow replaces the outer cavity better. Uncommon substrate provides a limitation of out-squeezing flow from polymer layers, so the polymer pick reaches the mold faster than common substrate like the flat. The present simulation study provides an analysis of the mold geometry especially the substrate geometry to govern filling flow and replication fidelity.

scholarly journals The Correlation of Sorted Scores Rule

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimmo Sorjonen ◽  
Fredrik Ullén ◽  
Bo Melin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Attention And Executive Control ◽  
Multiple Test ◽  
Low Iq ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Present Simulation

The worst performance rule (WPR) claims that subjects’ worst performance on multi-trial tasks, e.g. in reaction time, is more predictive of their general intelligence than better performances. A common interpretation of the WPR has been that it occurs because poor performances reflect momentary lapses in attention and executive control, which occur more frequently in individuals with low IQ. However, the present simulation study indicates that WPR like phenomena may arise whenever certain statistical relations between the intra-individual variance of multiple test scores and other measures of interest are present. Specifically, we propose that the WPR is a special case of a more general correlation of sorted scores rule (CSSR). According to the CSSR, a WPR (i.e. a negative correlation between the test score percentile of sorted scores, e.g. in reaction time, and the test score × construct (e.g. g) correlation), will be seen if the intra-individual variance on the tests has a negative correlation with the construct. However, if the latter correlation is positive, the CSSR predicts a positive association also between test score percentiles and test score × construct correlations, i.e. a “best performance rule”. A way to discriminate between a “true” WPR, which occurs independently of these statistical relations, and the CSSR is suggested.

scholarly journals Predicting the Effect of a Predictor When Controlling for Baseline

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-698
Author(s):  
Kimmo Sorjonen ◽  
Bo Melin ◽  
Michael Ingre
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Regression Effect ◽  
Present Simulation

The present simulation study indicates that a method where the regression effect of a predictor (X) on an outcome at follow-up (Y1) is calculated while adjusting for the outcome at baseline (Y0) can give spurious findings, especially when there is a strong correlation between X and Y0 and when the test–retest correlation between Y0 and Y1 is relatively weak. Researchers wishing to avoid spurious findings and Type 1 errors should be aware of this phenomenon and are recommended to verify found effects by an unadjusted effect of X on the Y1–Y0 difference.

scholarly journals Using Akaike’s information theoretic criterion in population analysis: a simulation study

F1000Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Olofsen ◽  
Albert Dahan
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
Present Simulation

Akaike’s information-theoretic criterion for model discrimination (AIC) is often stated to “overfit”, i.e., it selects models with a higher dimension than the dimension of the model that generated the data. However, when no fixed-dimensional correct model exists, for example for pharmacokinetic data, AIC, or its bias-corrected version (AICc) might be the selection criterion of choice if the objective is to minimize prediction error. The present simulation study was designed to assess the behavior of AICc when applying it to the analysis of population data, for various degrees of interindividual variability. The simulation study showed that, at least in a relatively simple mixed effects modeling context, minimal mean AICc corresponded to best predictive performance even in the presence of large interindividual variability.

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