scholarly journals Campsites, forest fires, and entry point distance affect earthworm abundance in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8656
Author(s):  
Todd Wellnitz ◽  
Jenna L. Barlow ◽  
Cory M. Dick ◽  
Terrance R. Shaurette ◽  
Brian M. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Entry Point ◽  
Invasive Earthworms ◽  
Earthworm Biomass ◽  
Point Distance ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Factors controlling the spread of invasive earthworms in Minnesota’s Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness are poorly known. Believed to have been introduced by anglers who use them as bait, invasive earthworms can alter the physical and chemical properties of soil and modify forest plant communities. To examine factors influencing earthworm distribution and abundance, we sampled 38 islands across five lakes to assess the effects of campsites, fire and entry point distance on earthworm density, biomass and species richness. We hypothesized that all three parameters would be greater on islands with campsites, lower on burned islands and would decrease with distance from the wilderness entry point. In addition to sampling earthworms, we collected soil cores to examine soil organic matter and recorded ground and vegetation cover. Campsite presence was the single most important factor affecting sampled earthworm communities; density, biomass and species richness were all higher on islands having campsites. Fire was associated with reduced earthworm density, but had no direct effects on earthworm biomass or species richness. Fire influenced earthworm biomass primarily through its negative relationship to groundcover and through an interaction with entry point distance. Entry point distance itself affected earthworm density and biomass. For islands with campsites, earthworm biomass increased with distance from the entry point.

scholarly journals How do campsites, forest fires, and entry point distance affect earthworm abundance in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A Wellnitz ◽  
Jenna L Barlow ◽  
Cory M Dick ◽  
Terrance R Shaurette ◽  
Brian M Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Entry Point ◽  
Invasive Earthworms ◽  
Earthworm Biomass ◽  
Point Distance ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Properties Of Soil

Factors controlling the spread of invasive earthworms in Minnesota’s Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness are poorly known. Believed to have been introduced by anglers who use them as bait, invasive earthworms can alter the physical and chemical properties of soil and modify forest plant communities. To examine factors influencing earthworm distribution and abundance, we sampled 38 islands across five lakes to assess the effects of campsites, fire, and entry point distance on earthworm density, biomass and species richness. We hypothesized that all three parameters would be greater on islands with campsites, lower on burned islands, and would decrease with distance from the wilderness entry point. In addition to sampling earthworms, we collected soil cores to examine soil organic matter and recorded ground and vegetation cover. Campsite presence was the single most important factor affecting sampled earthworm communities; density, biomass and species richness were all higher on islands having campsites. Fire was associated with reduced earthworm density, but had no direct effects on earthworm biomass or species richness. Fire influenced earthworm biomass primarily through its negative relationship to groundcover and through an interaction with entry point distance. Distance affected density but no other factor. For islands with campsites, however, distance from the entry point had a counterintuitive effect in that earthworm biomass, which increased with entry point distance.

scholarly journals How do campsites, forest fires, and entry point distance affect earthworm abundance in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A Wellnitz ◽  
Jenna L Barlow ◽  
Cory M Dick ◽  
Terrance R Shaurette ◽  
Brian M Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Entry Point ◽  
Invasive Earthworms ◽  
Earthworm Biomass ◽  
Point Distance ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Properties Of Soil

Factors controlling the spread of invasive earthworms in Minnesota’s Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness are poorly known. Believed to have been introduced by anglers who use them as bait, invasive earthworms can alter the physical and chemical properties of soil and modify forest plant communities. To examine factors influencing earthworm distribution and abundance, we sampled 38 islands across five lakes to assess the effects of campsites, fire, and entry point distance on earthworm density, biomass and species richness. We hypothesized that all three parameters would be greater on islands with campsites, lower on burned islands, and would decrease with distance from the wilderness entry point. In addition to sampling earthworms, we collected soil cores to examine soil organic matter and recorded ground and vegetation cover. Campsite presence was the single most important factor affecting sampled earthworm communities; density, biomass and species richness were all higher on islands having campsites. Fire was associated with reduced earthworm density, but had no direct effects on earthworm biomass or species richness. Fire influenced earthworm biomass primarily through its negative relationship to groundcover and through an interaction with entry point distance. Distance affected density but no other factor. For islands with campsites, however, distance from the entry point had a counterintuitive effect in that earthworm biomass, which increased with entry point distance.

Comparison of earthworm populations in arable and grassland fields in the Outer Western Carpathians, South Poland

Biologia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Józefowska ◽  
Anna Miechówka ◽  
Jan Frouz
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Outer Western Carpathians ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Type Of Land Use ◽  
Earthworm Biomass ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Earthworm Populations

AbstractThe impact of different geographical regions (Silesian Foothills, region 1 and Maly Beskids, region 2), and method of soil use (arable field and grassland) on the main soil properties and biological activity was studied. Earthworm biomass, density and diversity, as well as dehydrogenase activity, were analysed. Significant soil physical and chemical properties were more affected by regions, whereas the type of land use had a greater impact on the biological properties. The mean earthworm density was 213 ind. m

scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Mucoadhesive Properties of Polymers for Pharmaceutical Use

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (A) ◽  
pp. 639-645
Author(s):  
Elena Bakhrushina ◽  
Maria Anurova ◽  
Natalia Demina ◽  
Alena Kashperko ◽  
Olga Rastopchina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Drug Formulation ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

BACKGROUND: In recent years, mucoadhesive dosage forms due to their advantages have attracted the interest of researchers and developers. Polymeric excipients are included into the drug composition to give adhesion to the mucous membrane. AIM: The aim of this research was to select a specific brand of pharmaceutical quality polymer that is promising for inclusion in the drug formulation. METHODS: The article presents the results of studying the mucoadhesive properties of polymers on two models using mucin: By measuring the amount of adhesion and by the evaluation the sample movement speed. RESULTS: According to the combination of two indicators, the highest mucoadhesive properties were shown by the brands of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and xanthan gum. In addition, it was noted that hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), sodium alginate, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) also have good mucoadhesive properties. Polyethylene glycols proved to have the weakest mucoadhesive properties. The negative relationship between the average molecular weight and the sample movement speed of the HEC and HPMC was established. Obtained data showed no direct influence of the polymer average molecular weight on the amount of adhesion. It was also noted that there is no strong correlation between the amount of adhesion and the sample movement speed of the experimental samples. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the study, it was suggested that the complex influences of the physical and chemical properties of the polymer on its mucoadhesive properties.

scholarly journals Influence of soil physical and chemical variables on species composition and richness of plants in the arid region of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Awadh Al-Mutairi
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Physical And Chemical Variables ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract The present study aims to investigate the effect of soil physical and chemical variables on the species richness and the floristic composition in four sites (Alwaz, Alqan, Sharma and Zetah) of Tabuk region in the Northwestern part of Arabian Peninsula. Only organic matter (OM), pH and calcium (Ca) showed significant differences (P < 0.05) amongst the four studied sites. Only magnesium and sodium were selected in the forward regression model and showed to be strong drivers of species richness of plants in Tabuk region (Adj-R2 = 0.438, F2,13 = 6.85, P = 0.009). The multivariate analysis of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA ) was applied to reveal the effect of the physical and chemical variables on the species composition of the plants. The CCA classifies the plant species into three groups based on their preference to the environmental variables. The first group of plant species (Group 1) is characterised by positive preference to the chloride (Cl) and negative relationship with OM and pH. The second group (Group 2) is positively correlated with most of the soil variables such as OM, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), bicarbonate (HCO3), electrical conductivity (EC), sulphate (SO4) and sodium (Na). The third group (Group 3) has positive relationship with carbonate (CO3) and negative relationship with EC and magnesium (Mg). The chloride, sodium, sulphate, EC and carbonate are the main environmental factors influencing the plant species composition in Tabuk region. The cluster analysis based on the Euclidian measure shows that Alqan and Zetah have closer species composition compared to Sharma.

Statistical criteria of stellar population types

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
W. Iwanowska
Keyword(s):  
Stellar Population ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Spectrophotometric Study ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Population Type ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Distribution Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Statistical Criteria ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In connection with the spectrophotometric study of population-type characteristics of various kinds of stars, a statistical analysis of kinematical and distribution parameters of the same stars is performed at the Toruń Observatory. This has a twofold purpose: first, to provide a practical guide in selecting stars for observing programmes, second, to contribute to the understanding of relations existing between the physical and chemical properties of stars and their kinematics and distribution in the Galaxy.

Biophysical Measurement of Molecular Weight of Foot-and-Mouth Disease RNA Fragments

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 262-263
Author(s):  
Sydney S. Breese ◽  
Howard L. Bachrach
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Rna Fragments ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Continuing studies on the physical and chemical properties of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have included electron microscopy of RNA strands released when highly purified virus (1) was dialyzed against demlneralized distilled water. The RNA strands were dried on formvar-carbon coated electron microscope screens pretreated with 0.1% bovine plasma albumin in distilled water. At this low salt concentration the RNA strands were extended and were stained with 1% phosphotungstic acid. Random dispersions of strands were recorded on electron micrographs, enlarged to 30,000 or 40,000 X and the lengths measured with a map-measuring wheel. Figure 1 is a typical micrograph and Fig. 2 shows the distributions of strand lengths for the three major types of FMDV (A119 of 6/9/72; C3-Rezende of 1/5/73; and O1-Brugge of 8/24/73.

Tailoring microstructures of materials through biomimetics

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
Mehmet Sarikaya ◽  
Ilhan A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
Structure Sensitive ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Successive Level ◽  
Engineering Materials ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
Synthesis Of Materials

Biomimetics involves investigation of structure, function, and methods of synthesis of biological composite materials. The goal is to apply this information to the design and synthesis of materials for engineering applications.Properties of engineering materials are structure sensitive through the whole spectrum of dimensions from nanometer to macro scale. The goal in designing and processing of technological materials, therefore, is to control microstructural evolution at each of these dimensions so as to achieve predictable physical and chemical properties. Control at each successive level of dimension, however, is a major challenge as is the retention of integrity between successive levels. Engineering materials are rarely fabricated to achieve more than a few of the desired properties and the synthesis techniques usually involve high temperature or low pressure conditions that are energy inefficient and environmentally damaging.In contrast to human-made materials, organisms synthesize composites whose intricate structures are more controlled at each scale and hierarchical order.

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