ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS SCIENTIFIC CONSITENCY AND REPRESENTATION CONSISTENCY ON RECTILINEAR MOTION KINEMATICS MATERIAL GRADE X IN SMAN 8 PEKANBARU

This study wasaimed to describe the level of student scientific consistency and representation consistency ofclass X SMA Negeri 8 Pekanbaru on rectilinear motion kinematisc material. The type of research was survey research. The subject of this research were 70 students. The data collection of this research used test, instrument of research used scientific consistency and representation consistency test the form of objektive matter which consist of 21 question wiht seven themes, each theme consist off three question with the same concept but presented in different representatiton. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data which showed the level of scientific consistency and representation consistency. The results showed that thepercentage of student at each scientific consistency level was 14.29% for consistent scientific, 20.00% for moderately consistent scientific and 65.71% for inconsistent scientific, while overall the students were at inconsistent levels for scientific consistency or that can be said they have no consistencyscientific. For representation consistency, the percentage ofstudents at each successive level was 17.14% for consistent representation, 28.57% for moderately consistent representation and 54.29% for inconsistent representation, while overall students were at moderately consistent representation level, mean that studentshave consistencyrepresentation.

Kinds of Information in Scientific Use

There are many different mathematical definitions of information that have their various uses, but I will be concerned with notions of information used in applications in various branches of science that are distinguished by their topic, i.e., what they apply to. I describe the major uses information, and show their relations to each other. I will argue that the various uses form a nested hierarchy, in which each is a restriction on the previous, inheriting the properties of its predecessor, but adding in new features that make it a special case. The lowest level is physical information determined by distinctions and the highest is explicit representation in linguistic social communication. Is there anything common to information at all these levels? I will argue that there is, and that information in each case is what Donald MacKay (1969) called a distinction that makes a difference. What distinguishes the use of information at each level is what distinctions make a causal difference at that level. At each successive level distinctions that make a difference at a previous level make no difference at that level. In order to create this sort of filter new levels have to be formed by cohesion peculiar to the identifying characteristics at that level. A consequence of this view is that information must have causal powers, and that there is a tight connection between information and causation

Kinds of Information in Scientific Use

There are many different mathematical definitions of information that have their various uses, but I will be concerned with notions of information used in applications in various branches of science that are distinguished by their topic, i.e., what they apply to. I describe the major uses information, and show their relations to each other. I will argue that the various uses form a nested hierarchy, in which each is a restriction on the previous, inheriting the properties of its predecessor, but adding in new features that make it a special case. The lowest level is physical information determined by distinctions and the highest is explicit representation in linguistic social communication. Is there anything common to information at all these levels? I will argue that there is, and that information in each case is what Donald MacKay (1969) called a distinction that makes a difference. What distinguishes the use of information at each level is what distinctions make a causal difference at that level. At each successive level distinctions that make a difference at a previous level make no difference at that level. In order to create this sort of filter new levels have to be formed by cohesion peculiar to the identifying characteristics at that level. A consequence of this view is that information must have causal powers, and that there is a tight connection between information and causation

Multiple final embedding of clauses

There are no grammatical limits on multiple final embedding of clauses. But converging corpus data from English, Finnish, German and Swedish show that multiple final embedding is avoided at levels deeper than three levels from the main clause in syntactically simple varieties, and at levels deeper than five levels in complex varieties. The frequency of every successive level of final embedding decreases by a factor of seven down to levels 4–5. Only relative clauses allow free self-embedding, within the limits just mentioned. These restrictions are regularities of language use, stylistic preferences related to the properties of various types of discourse. Ultimately they are explained by cognitive and other properties of the language processing mechanisms. The frequencies of final embedding depths in modern languages such as English and Finnish is not accidental. Ancient Greek had reached this profile by 300 BC, suggesting cross-linguistic generality of the preferences.

Tailoring microstructures of materials through biomimetics

Biomimetics involves investigation of structure, function, and methods of synthesis of biological composite materials. The goal is to apply this information to the design and synthesis of materials for engineering applications.Properties of engineering materials are structure sensitive through the whole spectrum of dimensions from nanometer to macro scale. The goal in designing and processing of technological materials, therefore, is to control microstructural evolution at each of these dimensions so as to achieve predictable physical and chemical properties. Control at each successive level of dimension, however, is a major challenge as is the retention of integrity between successive levels. Engineering materials are rarely fabricated to achieve more than a few of the desired properties and the synthesis techniques usually involve high temperature or low pressure conditions that are energy inefficient and environmentally damaging.In contrast to human-made materials, organisms synthesize composites whose intricate structures are more controlled at each scale and hierarchical order.

Flexibility of Single-Subject Experimental Designs. Part II

The purpose of this paper is to present a taxonomy of single-subject experimental designs and discuss relevant examples that underscore the versatility and flexibility of this approach to clinical research. The proposed taxonomy serves as a heuristic model that may facilitate an understanding of single-subject experimental designs. Four general evaluation strategies employed in applied research—treatment-no treatment comparison, component assessment, treatment-treatment comparison, and successive level analysis—are discussed within this schema. Each of these evaluation strategies is related to commonly posed clinical research questions, and published examples of design options that address these questions are presented. Throughout the discussion basic considerations relating to appropriate design selection are reviewed.

Resistance and volume changes caused by nitroprusside in the dog

Changes in vascular volume caused by a pharmacologic agent are frequently inferred rather than directly measured. We investigated the effects of nitroprusside in 8 dogs divided into 2 groups: control and splenectomized. We anesthetized the dogs using pentobarbital, and surgically prepared a veno-right atrial bypass preparation whose controlled cardiac output and external reservoir allowed measurement of both changes in vascular resistance and changes in vascular volume. In both groups, blood pressure (mean +/- SD) decreased at each successive level of nitroprusside: 114 +/- 24 mmHg (base line), 101 +/- 19 mmHg (45 microgram/min), 90 +/- 16 mmHg (90 microgram/min), 81 +/- 17 mmHg (180 microgram/min), 68 +/- 18 mmHg (360 microgram/min). Nitroprusside caused a large and similar decrease in vascular resistance in both groups. In the control group, vascular volume increased above base line 5.5 +/- 2.7, 8.3 +/- 3.2, 11.6 +/- 2.9, and 14.7 +/- 3.5 ml/kg at each successive level of nitroprusside infusion, whereas in the splenectomized group vascular volume increased above base line 0.9 +/- 0.3, 2.5 +/- 1.0, 3.3 +/- 1.1, and 4.0 +/- 1.3 ml/kg at each successive level of nitroprusside infusion, but increased significantly less than the control group. We concluded that nitroprusside decreases vascular resistance and increases vascular volume and that the spleen is the major site of changes in vascular volume caused by nitroprusside.