scholarly journals Hazard Assessment and Classification of Hand Sanitizers including Ethyl Alcohol

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
Joo-Seok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Initial Boiling Point ◽  
Ignition Point ◽  
Fire Point ◽  
Flammable Liquids ◽  
United Nation

The use of hand sanitizers for personal hygiene and the prevention of infectious diseases is increasing due to coronavirus (COVID-19) infections. Most hand sanitizers contain a significant amount of ethyl alcohol. This study analyzed 14 types of hand sanitizers suspected of being dangerous and showed that seven of them contained more than 60 wt% of ethyl alcohol and had a flash point of 22.0 ℃ or less. The Hazardous Substances Safety Control Act classifies hazardous substances by the content, flashpoint, and fire point of ethyl alcohol. However, international standards classify hazardous substances by the ignition point, initial boiling point, and combustion persistence. Both the United Nation Global Hamonized System of Classification and Labelling Chemical (UN GHS) and United Nation Recommendation on the Transport Dangerous Goods (UN TRDG) classify hand sanitizers as flammable liquids. In addition, the UN RTDG classifies 40 wt% ethyl alcohol receptors as flammable liquids, according to sustained combustibility experiments. Meanwhile, the 60 wt% ethyl alcohol solution is found to have a flash point of 22 ℃ and a fire point of 33 ℃ for combustion.

Flash point vs. explosiveness points: a study in the similarity of chosen parameters of hazardous substances’ explosiveness

2019 ◽  
Vol 570 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Michał Grabarczyk ◽  
Katarzyna Bogdan
Keyword(s):  
Flash Point ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Computational Studies ◽  
Flammability Limits ◽  
Literature Overview ◽  
Flammable Liquids ◽  
Explosion Protection ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Point Parameter

The article discusses the similarities and differences between two explosiveness parameters, i.e. flash point and explosion point. Literature overview, experimental measurements and computational studies were performed on the explosion point parameter, which is also called temperature flammability limits. Research was conducted in accordance with the PN-EN 15794 standard, which specifically refers to determining the explosion point parameter of flammable liquids. The article also contains the authors’ insight on the measurements methodology, as well as accuracy validation of various estimation methods. The obtained results can be used for explosion protection of technological processes which involve flammable liquids.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production and Characterization from Used Vegetable Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-542
Author(s):  
C.A. Odega ◽  
G.T. Anguruwa ◽  
C.O. Fakorede
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cloud Point ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Used Vegetable Oil

Biodiesel is a fuel produced from renewable resources; it is a clean alternative fuel, which has drawn the attention of energy researchers for the last two decades due to the disturbing effect of climate change caused by diesel fuel. This paper focuses on showcasing the qualities of biodiesel produced from used vegetable oil and the positive impact on the alarming change in climate today. This paper presents an experimental investigation on production of biodiesel from used vegetable oil (UVO) gotten from a road side bean cake (akara) seller. The oil that was intended to be thrown out was de-odoured and filtered to remove impurities. The filtered oil was then used for biodiesel production and characterized with physical and fuel properties such as density, viscosity, cloud point, refractive index, specific gravity, ash content, moisture content, flash point and cloud point. The results obtained were afterwards compared to ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and EN (Europe’s) international standards. Two biodiesels samples were produced at different temperatures but the same timings. The biodiesel were produced at 700C at 40mins (biodiesel A) and 1000C at 40mins (biodiesel B) with values of specific gravity (0.98 kg/m3; 0.90 kg/m3), density (936kg/m3; 882kg/m3), kinematic viscosity (1.5mm/s2; 5.5 mm/s2), cloud point (150C; 20C), flash point (2600C min; 2000C min), moisture content (0.07%; 0.04%), refractive index (1.4609; 1.4398) and ash point (0.24%; 0.01%) respectively. On comparison, biodiesel A couldn’t match up to the international standards while biodiesel matched up to the standards given.

Flash point and ignition point of aqueous alcohol solutions

1977 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 993-995
Author(s):  
L. A. Pyreseva ◽  
N. A. Tereshina ◽  
V. V. Bachkova ◽  
A. Ya. Korol'chenko
Keyword(s):  
Flash Point ◽  
Aqueous Alcohol ◽  
Ignition Point ◽  
Aqueous Alcohol Solutions

The spread of flame across a liquid surface II. Steady-state conditions

1968 ◽  
Vol 308 (1492) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Initial Temperature ◽  
Liquid Surface ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Flammable Liquids ◽  
The One ◽  
Qualitative Picture

The one-dimensional spread of flame along the surface of flammable liquids confined in a parallel-sided channel has been studied and the effects of physical dimensions and initial temperature upon its rate established. When the initial temperature of the liquid is below the closed flash point, flame spread depends upon the transfer of heat to the liquid sufficient to raise its surface temperature to the flash-point value and a qualitative picture of the mechanism by which this takes place is developed. When the initial temperature is above the flash point, flame spread is dependent upon conditions in the gas phase above the liquid and these are defined.

scholarly journals International standards for the prevention of the ill-treatment of persons deprived of their liberty in the context of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Khrystyna YAMELSKA
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Member States ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
The Right

The paper examines international standards for the prevention of ill-treatment of persons deprived of their liberty in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in the member states of the Council of Europe. The Committee's Statement of principles relating to the treatment of persons deprived of their liberty in the context of the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) pandemic has been analyzed. The paper identifies the positive obligations of the state in the field of guaranteeing human rights, namely legal, practical and derivative means. The responses of Member States to a number of questions that have been the subject of CPT recommendations for many years have been examined. The absolute nature of the prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, which is an imperative of international law, is revealed. The basic principle must be to take all possible action to protect the health and safety of all persons deprived of their liberty. The paper defines the following principles: 1. WHO guidelines on fighting the pandemic as well as national health and clinical guidelines consistent with international standards must be respected and implemented fully in all places of deprivation of liberty. 2. Staff availability should be reinforced, and health and safety protection as well as training necessary in order to be able to continue to fulfil their tasks in places of deprivation of liberty. 3. Any restrictive measure taken vis-à-vis persons deprived of their liberty to prevent the spread of Covid-19 should have a legal basis and be necessary, proportionate, respectful of human dignity and restricted in time. 4. Alternatives to deprivation of liberty. 5. Special attention will be required to the specific needs of detained persons with particular regard to vulnerable groups and/or at-risk groups, such as older persons and persons with pre-existing medical conditions. 6. Restrictions on contact with the outside world, including visits, should be compensated for by increased access to alternative means of communication (such as telephone or Voice-overInternet-Protocol communication). 7. Respect of the right to maintain adequate personal hygiene (including access to hot water and soap) and the right of daily access to the open air (of at least one hour). 8. Fundamental safeguards against the ill-treatment of persons in the custody of law enforcement officials (access to a lawyer, access to a doctor, notification of custody) must be fully respected in all circumstances and at all times.

EXPERIMETAL INVESTIGATION OF USING GRANULATED FOAMGLASS FOR COOLING THE COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID

Fire Safety ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
I. Dadashov
Keyword(s):  
Foam Glass ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Glass Layer ◽  
Foaming Agents ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Flammable Liquids ◽  
Mechanical Foam ◽  
Rapid Destruction ◽  
Combustible Liquids

Extinguishing of flammable liquids is one of the most difficult problems of firefighting. Especially great difficulties are caused by fire extinguishing of oil and oil products, in tank farms. The best results when extinguishing flammable liquids are provided by means air-mechanical foams. For various types of foams, there are common drawbacks: low foams stability under the action of intense heat fluxes from the flame of a burning liquid, their rapid destruction upon contact with polar liquids, difficulties with feeding over long distances, high cost of a number of foaming agents, the presence in their composition of environmentally hazardous substances, contamination of flammable liquids, high cost of foam supply systems . To eliminate the disadvantages of air-mechanical foam, it is proposed to use granular foam glass as one of the components of the fire extinguishing system for extinguishing flammable liquids. It has been previously established that the foam glass layer slows down the evaporation of combustible liquids. In addition, filling the foam glass leads to the cooling of the burning liquids. Cooling is one of the most important mechanisms for stopping combustion. Due to the cooling of flammable liquids, the vapor pressure is lowered over their surface and, accordingly, the intensity of combustion decreases. To determine the conditions for combustion of flammable liquids need to know the temperature of liquids after exposure to them extinguishant substances.

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