scholarly journals Biodiesel Production and Characterization from Used Vegetable Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-542
Author(s):  
C.A. Odega ◽  
G.T. Anguruwa ◽  
C.O. Fakorede
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cloud Point ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Used Vegetable Oil

Biodiesel is a fuel produced from renewable resources; it is a clean alternative fuel, which has drawn the attention of energy researchers for the last two decades due to the disturbing effect of climate change caused by diesel fuel. This paper focuses on showcasing the qualities of biodiesel produced from used vegetable oil and the positive impact on the alarming change in climate today. This paper presents an experimental investigation on production of biodiesel from used vegetable oil (UVO) gotten from a road side bean cake (akara) seller. The oil that was intended to be thrown out was de-odoured and filtered to remove impurities. The filtered oil was then used for biodiesel production and characterized with physical and fuel properties such as density, viscosity, cloud point, refractive index, specific gravity, ash content, moisture content, flash point and cloud point. The results obtained were afterwards compared to ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and EN (Europe’s) international standards. Two biodiesels samples were produced at different temperatures but the same timings. The biodiesel were produced at 700C at 40mins (biodiesel A) and 1000C at 40mins (biodiesel B) with values of specific gravity (0.98 kg/m3; 0.90 kg/m3), density (936kg/m3; 882kg/m3), kinematic viscosity (1.5mm/s2; 5.5 mm/s2), cloud point (150C; 20C), flash point (2600C min; 2000C min), moisture content (0.07%; 0.04%), refractive index (1.4609; 1.4398) and ash point (0.24%; 0.01%) respectively. On comparison, biodiesel A couldn’t match up to the international standards while biodiesel matched up to the standards given.

Production of biodiesel using novel C. lepodita oil in the presence of heterogeneous solid catalyst

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Cloud Point ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Free Hydroxyl ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometer ◽  
American Standard ◽  
Astm D6751

Present study was designed to produce biodiesel using Cola lepidota seed oil in the presence of clay catalyst. The extraction was done in petroleum ether and oil was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The biodiesel produced, was characterized for specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, American petroleum index (API) gravity, flash point, cloud point, aniline point and diesel index. The result from FTIR shows that there was C-N stretching aliphatic amine at 1072.46 cm-1, CH2X alkyl halides at 1226.77 cm-1, C-C stretching (in ring) aromatics at 1442.80 cm-1, N-O asymmetric stretching nitro compounds at 1527.67cm-1, C=C stretching α, β unsaturated esters at 1712.85 cm-1, C-C stretching aromatics at 2924.18 cm-1, O-H stretch or free hydroxyl alcohols or phenols at 3610.86 cm-1. The oil yield was 1.76%. The result revealed that the biodiesel showed the following properties; specific gravity (0.862 g/cm3), viscosity (4.8mm2/sec), API (30.24 oC), flash point (80 oC), cloud point (-2 oC), aniline point (68 oC) and diesel index (1.424). These values were within the recommended limits of American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM D6751). This study reveals that C. lepidota oil is a veritable precursor for biodiesel production and other industrial applications.

E EVALUASI MUTU MINYAK BUMI DENGAN DISTILASI TRUE BOILING POINT (TBP) BERDASARKAN PARAMETER UJI SIFAT FISIKA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PRODUK KEROSIN DAN AVTUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Dian Kurnia Sari ◽  
Rian Ternando
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Primary Process ◽  
Copper Strip

Minyak bumi dievaluasi guna menentukan potensi minyak bumi sebagai bahan baku kilang minyak untuk menghasilkan fraksi yang dikehendaki. Evaluasi yang dilakukan meliputi pengujian sifat umum minyak bumi, klasifikasi minyak bumi dengan distilasi True Boiling Point (TBP) wide cut (pemotongan jarak lebar) serta analisis fraksi kerosin. Fraksi kerosin yang dihasilkan dari primary process dapat diolah menjadi bahan bakar rumah tangga (minyak  tanah) dan bahan bakar lampu penerangan. Selain itu fraksi kerosin juga dapat dioalah menjadi bahan bakar untuk pesawat terbang jenis jet (avtur). Avtur adalah kerosin yang dengan  spesifikasi yang diperketat, terutama mengenai titik uap dan titik beku. Untuk melakukan pengolahan pada minyak bumi perlu diketahui karakteristik dan spesifikasi minyak  bumi (bahan baku) yang akan diolah untuk mengetahui mutu dan manfaat minyak bumi tersebut. Salah satu parameter uji analisis minyak bumi yaitu parameter sifat fisika. Dari data distilasi TBP diperoleh persentase fraksi kerosin Crude Oil 99 PT HS sebesar 29 % vol sedangkan Crude Oil 165 PT RT sebesar 23 % vol. Berdasarkan analisis sifat fisika yang meliputi Specific Gravity, Refractive Index nD20, Freezing Point, Smoke Point, Flash Point “Abel”, Aniline Point, Copper Strip Corrosion, Kinematic Viscosity dan Characterization KUOP. Crude Oil 99 dan Crude Oil 165 memiliki mutu yang baik serta memenuhi spesifikasi produk kerosin maupun produk avtur.

Biodiesel Production from Used Vegetable Oil Using Ethanol and Sodium Methoxide Catalyst

2016 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 551-555
Author(s):  
Sureerat Namwong ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Sodium Methoxide ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Used Vegetable Oil

Biodiesel is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol or ethanol. In this study, used vegetable oil was transesterified with ethanol using sodium methoxide as catalyst. Parameter affecting the process transesterification were investigated follow this detail. The effects of catalyst to oil volume ratio (3-7:100 %v/v), ethanol to oil volume ratio (20-40:100 %v/v), reaction temperature (55-70 °C) and reaction time (15-90 min.) on the percentage conversion of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The FAEE and FAME conversion were detected by 1H-NMR. The result showed that the maximum percentages at 84 % of FAEE and 16 % of FAME were obtained. These conversions were obtained at the catalyst to oil volume ratio of 4:100 %v/v, ethanol to oil volume ratio of 35:100 %v/v, temperature of 65 °C and reaction time of 75 min. The properties of mixed FAEE and FAME biodiesel were within the limits of EN standard. The confirmation result by 1H-NMR and ATR-FTIR also indicated the conversion of used vegetable oil into biodiesel.

Adulterating the quality of automotive gas oil using dual purpose kerosene: Effects on compression ignition engines, humans and environment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cloud Point ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Compression Ignition Engines ◽  
American Standard

Five combustible mixtures of automotive gas oil and dual purpose kerosene were obtained from a retail outlet and blended into different automotive gas oil (AGO) and dual purpose kerosene (DPK) proportions (85:15, 75: 25, 50:50, 25:75 & 15:85% (v/v)). Samples were analyzed using densitometer, hydrometer, karl fischer titrator, pour and cloud point tester based on American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM) with the aim of delimiting the degree to which adulteration affects the quality of the pure sample, impact on the environment as well as the effects on compression ignition engines. Results obtained from the analyses of the blended ratios show the following parameters in the ranges; density (0.858–0.827g/cm3); specific gravity@60 0F (0.859–0.828), kinematic viscosity (4.800–1.200 cSt), cloud point (7.000–2.000 oC), pour point (-15.000 – < -34.000 oC) and moisture content (500.000–1200.000 ppm). Results of the analyses showed that 85 % dual purpose kerosene in the blended mixture fell below American Standard for testing and materials (ASTM) and Department for Petroleum Resources (DPR) acceptable standard in terms of viscosity. A maximum of 15% dual purpose kerosene in the blended mixture fell within ASTM specification in terms of moisture content. Specific gravity, density, cloud point and pour point of all the bended samples were within specification. Adulterating automotive gas oil with dual purpose kerosene at (≥ 15:85 %) AGO:DPK ratio as well as the use of biomass as an alternative source of energy due to diversion of dual purpose kerosene for adulteration, results in the release of various types of harmful poly aromatic hydrocarbons to the environment through the exhaust of diesel engines and cooking respectively. It can also lead to reduction in compression ratio, power loss as well as wear and tear of engine parts.

A Study of the Production of Glucose Syrup from Cassava Starch Using Acid Hydrolysis and the Preservation Using Sodium Bisulfite

2013 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 347-353
Author(s):  
Saint Osas Osemwengie ◽  
S.N.E. Omorodion
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Sodium Bisulfite ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Glucose Syrup

The production of glucose syrup from cassava starch using acid hydrolysis was carried out in this work. The analysis was based on the preservation of the produced glucose syrup using sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3). The concentration of the preservative was varied from 0.0ppm-30.0ppm (where ppm stands for amount of preservative in a million pert of sample). The ability of the preservative (sodium bisulfite) to sustain the shelf life of glucose syrup was investigated by studying its effects on the physiochemical properties (pH, moisture content, pour point, viscosity, specific gravity, and refractive index) of the glucose syrup. Four (4) different runs of experiment were performed within sixty-four (64) days, during which the physiochemical properties were closely monitored. Sample B1 which contain no sodium bisulfite could not retain the physiochemical properties. Sample B2 contain 5ppm of the preservative in the glucose syrup and shows a little stability of the physiochemical properties. The preservative ability of the sodium bisulfite on the glucose syrup was improved upon as the concentration in part per million increased (i.e from sample B3 to sample B4, from sample B4 to sample B5, in that order etc.). The optimum preservative ability was reached at sample B5 (which has 20.0ppm concentration of sodium bisulfite.) as the physiochemical properties was relatively maintained. Samples B6 and B7 (which have 25.0 and 30.0 part per million respectively) also show a stable preservative abilities. These samples that contain higher concentrations of sodium bisulfite after the optimum (that is, samples B6 andB7) which also yield stable preservative properties, should be discouraged because their intake could lead to health hazards, and the optimum preservative concentration should be encouraged.(That is, sample B5).

scholarly journals Quality Assessment of Honey Sourced from Natural and Artificial Apiaries in Ekiti State, Nigeria.

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 1125
Author(s):  
Oyeyemi Sunday Dele
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Glucose Ratio

Honey samples were obtained from wild and domesticated sources and analyzed for some physicochemical properties such as color, pH, moisture content, ash content, refractive index, specific gravity, total solid, viscosity, glucose and fructose content following Standard Association of Official Analytical Chemistry. The following range of values for pH (3.55-4.20), moisture content (18.50-25.60%), soluble solids (74.10-81.20%), ash content (0.08-0.14%), specific gravity (1.38-1.47), refractive index (81.3-83.4%), fructose content (40.5-63.04%) and glucose content (19.35-32.34%). The mineral composition analyzed revealed potassium to be the dominant mineral in the honey samples followed by Calcium. However, Cadmium and lead where not detected in the honey samples. The results indicated that parameters such as pH, moisture content, ash content, specific gravity, sugar (majorly fructose and glucose content), fructose/glucose ratio, glucose/water ratio conform within the limit of the international standard for honey. However, moisture contents of the wild honey samples (22.05% and 25.60%) were a little higher than the Codex Standards of ≤ 21%. In conclusion, the honey samples investigated have the needed quality criteria and are good for human consumption. The results also revealed excellent organoleptic acceptability of the honey samples, hence are suitable for human uses.

scholarly journals RENDEMEN DAN KARAKTERISTIK MINYAK KAYU PUTIH PADA UKURAN DAUN YANG BERBEDA

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
Yurdia Nengsih ◽  
Ambar Tri Ratnaningsih ◽  
Eni Suhesti
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Eucalyptus Oil ◽  
Eucalyptus Leaves ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Oil Characteristics ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Cut Leaves

This research was conducted in the presumptuous university forest faculty laboratory yellow Pekanbaru. This research was conducted for 6 months, namely from July -December 2018. This study aims to measure the yield and characteristics eucalyptus oil at various leaf sizes consisting of specific gravity, refractive index, solubility in 70% alcohol, and cineol content. Analyze effect size eucalyptus leaves to the characteristics of eucalyptus oil. This research is using a completely randomized design (CRD). This research is used to obtain provide information and input regarding the characteristics of eucalyptus oil and yield at different leaf sizes. Results from research on oil characteristics Eucalyptus at various leaf sizes consists of, whole eucalyptus leaves obtained yield 0.59%, moisture content 1.074%, specific gravity 0.953, refractive index 1.467, solubility in 70% 1: 2 alcohol, the cineol content is 71.67%. Two cut leaves are obtained yield 0.49%, moisture content 0.842%, specific gravity 0.921, refractive index 1.465, solubility in 70% alcohol 1: 3, cineol content 63.33. Cut eucalyptus oil leaves three obtained yield 0.39, water content 0.908, specific gravity 0.924, inex bias 1.465, solubility in 70% alcohol 1: 4, cineol content 68.33%. Treatment of leaf size significant effect on yield, solubility in 70% alcohol and not significant effect on specific gravity, refractive index, and cineol content.      

scholarly journals Effect of Drying Method and Storage Days on Essential Oil Yield and Quality of Rue (Ruta Chalepensis) leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Abdela Befa
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Fresh Leaf ◽  
Ruta Chalepensis ◽  
And Storage

The genus Rue (Ruta chalepensis) is an aromatic medicinal plant used in the folk as an herbal remedy medicine for the treatment of a variety of disorders in Ethiopia. Information about the effects of drying methods and storage days on essential oil physical properties is limited. The fresh leaf of rue was collected from the Wondo Genet Agriculture research center and was subjected to sun and shade drying methods and four storage days (0,5,10, and 15) days for each day's moisture content and essential oil extraction using hydro distillation. The obtained essential oils were analyzed for physical properties (specific gravity and refractive index). The highest value of moisture content in percent was recorded at 0-day storage days with the value of 73.533 and the lowest one was recorded at 15-day sundry with the value of 8.400. The highest and lowest value of essential oil content in volume by weight in percent was 0.673 and 0.174 at 0 day and 10-day sun, respectively. The highest and lowest value of essential oil content weight by weight in percent was 0.996 and 0.287 at 0 day and 15-day sun, respectively. The results showed that the rue dried under shade had a higher level of moisture content, essential oil content, volume by weight and weight by weight, specific gravity, and refractive index compared to the rue leaf dried under sun-drying methods. In the case of storage days in all parameters except refractive index and specific gravity, the rue fresh leaf (0 days) was higher in moisture content and essential oil contents compared to others storage days. This study provides evidence that drying herbs for different storage days and different drying methods affect the essential oil content and physical properties of essential oil.

Study Main Properties of Two Systems Watermark Varnish

2011 ◽  
Vol 380 ◽  
pp. 117-120
Author(s):  
Ling Ya Gu ◽  
Bei Qing Huang ◽  
De Ping Zhao ◽  
Wei Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Screen Printing ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Uv Curing ◽  
Index Study ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Light Curing ◽  
Better Than

In order to obtain good watermark on paper by printing, vegetable oil system and UV light-curing system watermark varnish were prepared by changing the type of vegetable oil, prepolymer and monomer, then test its permeability and refractive index, study the effects of these components on the performance of watermark varnish. Print watermark varnish by screen printing to examine the watermark. The results show that watermark varnish prepared with different type of vegetable oil has different permeability, but refractive index is very close. Adding prepolymer can improve permeability and refractive index of vegetable oil system watermark varnish. If the specific gravity of prepolymer and monomer is greater, permeability of UV curing system watermark varnish is higher. If refractive index of prepolymer and monomer is bigger, refractive index of varnish is bigger. Printing effect of UV curing system watermark varnish is better than vegetable oil system watermark varnish.

Process Optimization of Ethyl Ester Biodiesel Production from Used Vegetable Oil under Sodium Methoxide Catalyst and its Purification by Ion Exchange Resin

2017 ◽  
Vol 873 ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Sureerat Namwong ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Wallop Arirop
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Sodium Methoxide ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Used Vegetable Oil

Production of ethyl ester biodiesel from a tranesterification reaction of used vegetable oil and ethanol was carried out using a sodium methoxide catalyst. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the effect of experimental factors on the fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) conversion. The design of the experiment involved a 5-level-4-factor central composite design and 30 runs were used to achieve the optimum percentage FAEE conversion that was determined by 1H-NMR. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the regression equation was 86.49% and the probability value (p<0.05) demonstrated a very good fit for the regression model. The optimum conditions obtained from RSM were 4% v/v of catalyst, 35.61% v/v of ethanol-to-oil, at 43.70°C reaction temperature, and 75.45 min of reaction time. The produced ethyl ester biodiesel was further purified by wet washing compared with dry washing using ion exchange resin. The result showed that the purified biodiesel by wet washing met the EN standard but the dry washing out put did not but only for the acid value. The blending of 10% v/v of purified biodiesel obtained from dry washing with 90% v/v of petrodiesel could decrease the acid value to meet the EN standard.

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