Petroleum Hydrocarbon Quarterly Boiling Range Distribution of Iraqi Crude Oil by Simulated Distillation Method

This study includes analysis of different crude oil stock for various field Iraqi oil by gas chromatography instrument, using simulated distillation technique for determining the initial and final boiling point distribution and specified compound distillation information (normal paraffins) (Recovery W/W) for (nC5 – nC44), ASTM-D5307 becomes the analytical method. This method need tow samples; the first one spiked with internal standard and the second without internal standard. This analysis for quantitative and qualitative oil characterization which is often useful for evaluating the range of hydrocarbons in crude oil using Simulated Distillation. The study was performed using: Quarterly analysis of SIMDIS GC Distillation for three field (East Baghdad, Badra, Amara) Comparison of analyzes of SIMDIS GC Distillation with Different API (light, intermediate, heavy) with Initial boiling point (IBP). Finding experimental relationship between API and Initial boiling point (IBP): The result of this study shows that the boiling point increase as the number of carbon is increase, the values of n-Pentane (nC5) to n- Tetratetracontane (nC44) (w/w) changes from winter and summer (difference in temperatures), Positive correlation between C6 and C5 with API, where their percentages increase with increasing API for crude oil and C6 and C5 are lower in summer than in winter due to the evaporation of light components of the samples in summer. Initial boiling point increase as the API is decrease that mean in crude oil have heavy component increases and light component decrease (inverse relationship).

DETERMINATION OF QUANTITATIVE CONTENT OF CHARGE STOCKS IN GASOLINE AND DIESEL FUEL BINARY MIXTURE

An approach to establishing quantitative indicators of the composition of gasoline and diesel fuel mixtures with determination of the content of charge stocks is presented. Correctness indicator of the method, as a measure of deviation from a true value, was 6.5% volume while studying the model sample. As an auxiliary method for qualitative determination of gasoline or diesel fuel, the method of fractional distillation (distillation) at atmospheric pressure was used. Determination of the fractional composition of the mixtures was carried out under normal conditions for charge stocks as well as their mixtures with a concentration range of predominantly 10% volume. Research has shown a significant increase in the final boiling point temperature with availability of even a small amount of diesel fuel in gasoline as well as decrease in the initial boiling point when adding gasoline to diesel fuel. The study by gas-liquid chromatography method made it possible to establish an approximate boundary of gasoline components redistribution: diesel fuel mixtures when their proportions are changed. It was noted that the main redistribution of components occurs before and after adding n-Nonane which content in gasolines and diesel fuels is relatively small. Using the ratio of the sum of point areas eluting before n-Decane (without n-Nonane) and after n-Decane (including n-Nonane), considering unidentified ones, as the distribution coefficient of the source k components , it was possible to establish proportions of source components. The k coefficient dependence on the content of diesel fuel is nonlinear. Transition to linear relationship in the coordinates of the linear logarithm of the k coefficient and the content of diesel fuel showed the presence of strong negative correlation with the values of the coefficient of reliability of approximation from -0.982 to -0.997 for model mixtures. The practical application of the k coefficient to determine the content of gasoline and diesel fuel can be recommended when constructing narrow calibration dependences in the range from 20 to 40% (vol.) of the target component.

FLAMMABILITY OF HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS OBTAINED BY DESTRUCTION OF POLYMER RAW MATERIALS

The article discusses the possibility of using hydrocarbon fractions – products of thermal destruction of polymer raw materials (polyethylene and polypropylene) at atmospheric pressure as components of commercial diesel fuels. This approach allows, on the one hand, to improve the properties of commercial diesel fuel, on the other, to increase the competitiveness of domestically produced products. In addition, the problem associated with the accumulation of polymer waste and their negative impact on the environment is also partially solved. The nature of the dependences between such indicators of the quality of fractions 160–350 °C, 200–350 °C, 240–350 °C as the autoignition temperature, the initial boiling point of the fraction and the cetane number as an indicator characterizing the flammability, has been established. The dependence of the autoignition temperature on the boiling point of the fractions has a polynomial character and indicates a decrease in the autoignition temperature with an increase in the boiling point of the fractions. The dependence of the cetane number on the initial boiling point of the fractions is linear and indicates an increase in the cetane number with an increase in the initial boiling point of the fractions. The dependence of the cetane number on the autoignition temperature of the fractions has a polynomial character and indicates a decrease in the cetane number with an increase in the autoignition temperature of the fractions. It was found that the autoignition temperature of the investigated fractions, regardless of the type of polymer raw material, fluctuates in a rather narrow range, from 229 to 348 ° C, and the cetane number – from 41 to 55 units. Based on the literature data, we note that exactly this range is close to the range that commercial diesel fuels have, and the fractions studied by us can be used in the production of diesel fuel.

Pre-fractionation concept in the scheme of straight--naphtha fractionation

The requirements to motor fuels are tightened, in particular, restrictions on the content of hydrocarbons and benzene, with the adoption of new emission standards in the modern oil refining industry. At many Russian refineries problem of benzene content decreasing in reformate, which is the main component of gasolines, and, consequently, problem of benzene content decreasing in commercial gasoline, is solved by increasing the initial boiling point of the feedstock for catalytic reforming units to 100°C. At the same time, the main benzene-forming components have boiling points up to 85˚С. This approach is explained by the limitations of technological equipment and a significant increase in energy consumption when creating proper sharpness of rectification at CDU units, while it has a negative impact on the refinery economic efficiency. The article is devoted to approach to modernization of the typical straight-run naphtha distillation unit, configured to the maximum extraction of feedstock for catalytic reforming unit while meeting the requirements imposed on the content of benzene and benzene precursors in it. The proposed solutions can be implemented in the unit current configuration and do not require replacement of main process equipment. Changes in material balance and utility consumption of the unit after described modernization are presented.

Hazard Assessment and Classification of Hand Sanitizers including Ethyl Alcohol

The use of hand sanitizers for personal hygiene and the prevention of infectious diseases is increasing due to coronavirus (COVID-19) infections. Most hand sanitizers contain a significant amount of ethyl alcohol. This study analyzed 14 types of hand sanitizers suspected of being dangerous and showed that seven of them contained more than 60 wt% of ethyl alcohol and had a flash point of 22.0 ℃ or less. The Hazardous Substances Safety Control Act classifies hazardous substances by the content, flashpoint, and fire point of ethyl alcohol. However, international standards classify hazardous substances by the ignition point, initial boiling point, and combustion persistence. Both the United Nation Global Hamonized System of Classification and Labelling Chemical (UN GHS) and United Nation Recommendation on the Transport Dangerous Goods (UN TRDG) classify hand sanitizers as flammable liquids. In addition, the UN RTDG classifies 40 wt% ethyl alcohol receptors as flammable liquids, according to sustained combustibility experiments. Meanwhile, the 60 wt% ethyl alcohol solution is found to have a flash point of 22 ℃ and a fire point of 33 ℃ for combustion.

Improvement of quality parameters of reformat obtained on reforming installation at Oil Refinery named after Heydar Aliyev

Currently, in the atmospheric installation in the cutting of benzene fraction ibp -180 оС to the ibp -85 and 85–180 оС, due to the indefinite rectification of benzole and in the catalytic reforming of benzole-forming hydrocarbons (hexamethylene, hexane, metylcyclopentane) transfer to the fractions 85–180 оС. Therefore, the temperature of initial boiling point of reforming raw is increased up to 95 оС, which significantly decreases the amount of reforming crude. To that end, the paper offers to conduct precise benzene rectification of ibp -180 оС to the ibp -85 and 85–180 оС, and then increase octane number of the fraction ibp -85 adding less toxic additive, to carry out the reforming process in mild regime and perform compounding of the fraction ibp -85 after octane-increasing additive and reformate. In addition, the composition of aromatic hydrocarbons and benzole is dramatically decreased compared to reformat obtained on reforming installation at Oil Refinery named after Heydar Aliyev.

Alternative butanol/gasoline and butanol/diesel fuel blends: An analysis of the interdependence between physical-chemical properties by a multivariate principal component analysis model

The use of butanol as an oxygenated component in blends with fossil fuels has recently been recognized by the industry as a promising and green alternative for automotive use, being subject of several recent studies. In this work, the interdependence between important physical-chemical properties of butanol/gasoline and butanol/diesel fuel blends was investigated using a multivariate principal component analysis model. The model dataset was based on laboratorial results of density, kinematic viscosity, distillation, vapor pressure, octane rating, anti-knock index, flash point and cetane number in a total of 48 blends, the variables of which were transformed to principal component analysis matrix representations, pre-processed and then analyzed. A good coherence was observed between the experimental results in laboratory and those derived from the principal component analysis models, evidencing important physical-chemical changes in blends’ properties due to the butanol addition. Principal component analysis scores and loadings plots could provide an intuitive and comprehensive data visualization. Butanol/gasoline fuel blends showed an overall increase in density, octane rating and higher distillation temperatures from the initial boiling point to T60 (temperature of the 60% distilled volume) and reduction of the distillation temperatures from T70 to the final boiling point. An absolute reduction in values of all properties was observed for butanol/diesel fuel blends, especially for initial distillation temperatures from initial boiling point to T35, T98, final boiling point and flash point, whereas the reductions for density, kinematic viscosity and cetane number were less intense. Total variances of up to 92.50% and 94.14% were explained by the proposed principal component analysis model, depending on the blends matrix and butanol isomer composition.

Methodology for Determination of Initial Boiling Point in Fuel Assemblies by Acoustic Noise Analysis

The paper justifies the need for considering differences in physical conditions to define vapour phase initiation in various types of thermohydraulic cells of fuel assemblies. The computer analysis of coolant boiling conditions was performed based on available computer dependencies. The research defines significant differences in calculation of heat flow values regarding vapour phase initiation for piping and fuel assemblies. An efficient algorithm of neurocomputing analysis of acoustic noise spectrum was proposed and implemented to detect the initial boiling point.

Problems in Validation of the Chornobyl Accident Initiating Event

The paper presents validation of known calculation dependencies used in RELAP-5 and other advanced computer codes to predict thermohydraulic anomalies from the standpoint of analyzing effect of initial coolant boiling in the Chornobyl accident on its further progression. The authors show current unsatisfactory efficiency of state-of-the-art computer codes in definition of the initial boiling point for the coolant in water-cooled nuclear reactors. The calculation methodology for improving accuracy in the predicting of dangerous thermal anomaly in reactor channels is under consideration.