scholarly journals Indications of lexical-semantic changes in the Arabisms of the Kingdom of Granada (1493-1612): the lexical competition between almádena and martillo

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
Inmaculada González Sopeña ◽  
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
Lexical Competition ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Arab Origin ◽  
Lexical Items

The objective of the present study is to analyze a couple of lexical items formed by an Arabism and a Romance voice (almádena and martillo) through a corpus of documents linked to the ancient Kingdom of Granada (i.e. the current provinces of Málaga, Almería and Granada) in the late 15th century to 17th century. That documentation includes different types of texts as the correspondence of Hernando de Zafra or texts linked to the building construction at that time. Due to the historical, political, social and religious peculiarities of the Kingdom of Granada there is a persistence of lexicon of Arab origin over the above two centuries with regard to other Spanish-speaking territories. However, Arabic loanwords in Spanish lexicon are subjected to specialization processes or semantic restrictions, as exemplified in the case of almádena. This voice lexically competed with the Romance voice martillo, but, finally, the first one suffered a process of semantic restriction and it is actually cornered in some dialectal areas.

Rāmānandī Sampradāya

Hinduism ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Bevilacqua
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
National Level ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Different Types ◽  
General Recognition ◽  
Liberal Approach

The Rāmānandī sampradāya is a Vaiṣṇava ascetic order composed of sādhus that follow various sādhanās (religious disciplines), devoting themselves to the bhakti (devotion) of Rām, avatār of the god Viṣṇu, in order to obtain mokṣa (freedom) or to remain in the state of bhakti itself. The order was supposedly established by Rāmānanda, possibly in the late 15th century, although it is also possible that Rāmānanda instead established a new branch of the Śrī Vaiṣṇava sampradāya. In effect, according to the Rāmānandī tradition, Rāmānanda was a follower of the Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta of Rāmānūja, but he addressed his devotionalism toward Rām. Rāmānanda is said to have opened the bhakti path to everyone, irrespective of gender, caste, or religious belonging, since he was a supporter of prapatti (surrender), a form of religious path that completely relied on the grace of God. Teaching to ascetics and householders, his approach was characterized by yogic practices and devotion, both nirguṇa (without form) and saguṇa (with form), according to the devotee’s needs. His liberal approach for recruitment led to a widespread diffusion of the order among the grass roots of the Indian population, and various bhakti panths (cult) have been established by low-caste individuals that claim a certain legacy from him. Rāmānanda’s disciples (and subsequently their own disciples) likely followed these mixed teachings and, while passing them on, incorporated new theories or developed new interpretations. These traits resulted in a sampradāya highly differentiated in branches and sub-branches concerned with Rām bhakti. Within the sampradāya there are three different types of ascetics: tyāgī, rasik, and nāgā. Tyāgīs and nāgās perform practices of extreme physical austerity and wandering, while many Rāmānandī rasiks are more focused on the devotional cult of the image. However, all Rāmānandīs have a common theoretical substratum based on Rām bhakti and Rām mantra, prapatti, sevā (service), and vairāgya (detachment), although the ways in which these are achieved vary according to the particular religious discipline followed. With the construction of formal centers (around the 17th century), and thanks to the support of royals and locals alike, the sampradāya became organized. Historical centers (gaddī)—such as Galtā jī, Bālānanda Maṭh (both in Jaipur), Piṇḍorī Dham (Punjab), Hanumān Gaṛhī (Ayodhyā), and so on—witnessed the development of the order and are still central to its activities. Because of the internal distinctions and the presence of various important centers, Rāmānandīs have never had a single representative leader, and they were associated with the Śrī Vaiṣṇava sampradāya, though in a subordinate and sometimes vilified position. To change this condition and erase Rāmānūja’s legacy, at the beginning of the 20th century a Rāmānandī reformist group led by Swāmī Bhagavadācārya was created. The main concrete outcome of Bhagavadācārya’s activity was a general recognition of the independence of the Rāmānandī sampradāya, a more precise portrait of Rāmānanda as founder of the sampradāya, and the bestowing of title of Jagadguru Rāmānandācārya to an ascetic meant to become the leader of the sampradāya representing it on a national level.

On the Origin of the Zaraysk Gospel

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
Alexey B. Mazurov ◽  
Alexander V. Rodionov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Ancient Manuscripts ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Church

The article considers theoretical development of the problem of the origin and provenance in the 15th — the first quarter of the 19th century of the famous Old Russian book monument — the Zaraysk Gospel. Although it has repeatedly attracted the attention of archaeographers, textologists, paleographers, linguists and art historians, this article is the first experience of studying these issues. Created in 1401 in Moscow, the Gospel, which is parchment manuscript, was purchased in 1825 by K.F. Kalaidovich for Count N.P. Rumyantsev from the Zaraysk merchant K.I. Averin, that determined its name by the place of discovery. The scribe book of Zaraysk in 1625 in the altar of the Pyatnitsky chapel of the St. Nikolas wooden church (“which’s on the square”) in the city’s Posad, recorded the description of the manuscript Gospel, corresponding by a number of features to the Zaraysk Gospel. The connection of the codex with the St. Nicholas church is indirectly confirmed by the drawing of the church placed on one of its pages (f. 156 ver.) with the remains of inscription mentioning St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. This allows concluding that the manuscript in the 17th century was in the book collection of the temple. In the 17th century, the ancient St. Nicholas church was re-consecrated to the Epiphany, and the sacristy was moved to the stone St. Nicholas cathedral in Zaraysk. It is most likely that in the first quarter of the 19th century, the merchant K.I. Averin purchased the Gospel from the members of the cathedral’s clergy. The article analyzes the context of the early contributions of the 15th century “to the Miraculous Icon of St. Nikolas of Zaraysk”, one of which, most likely, was the parchment Zaraysk Gospel. The authors assume that this contribution is related to the chronicle events of 1401 or 1408. The study is significant in terms of the theoretical development of methods for identifying ancient manuscripts and their origin.

scholarly journals Findings of Early Hand Firearms from Southern Siberia

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
A. P. Borodovsky ◽  
Yu. V. Oborin ◽  
S. L. Savosin
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early Period ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Northern Asia ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Different Origin ◽  
Written Sources

Purpose. This article is aimed at identifying early samples of hand firearms at different Siberian territories (Buriatia, the Upper Ob region). Such facts open new perspectives for studying and reconstructing the process of development and distribution of hand firearms in Northern Asia and helps identify regional peculiarities of this historic phenomenon. Results. One of the earliest firearms found on the territory of Southern Siberia is a bronze barrel of a Chinese hand firearms discovered in the valley of the Dzhida River in Buriatia, which refers to the Ming Epoch (the Yongle period). Judging by a serial number of the gun (50138), it was manufactured at the early period of mass production of hand firearms in China, i. e. in the first quarter of the 15th century. Currently, it is one of the earliest foreign samples of oriental firearms known in Siberia. In the Upper Ob region (in the surroundings of the Biysk Fortress (Ostrog), there was another tube of an early hand firearms found. It is of Russian origin and dates the second half of the 16th – beginning of the 17th century. These samples of Siberian firearms are archaic, which demonstrates a trend of using archaic weapons up to the beginning of the 18th century in the absence or lack of modern firearms. It is quite vividly demonstrated by the materials of the artillery treasure of the Umrevinsky Ostrog (1703). Conclusion. The buffer location of Southern Siberia between the growing territories of the Tsardom of Muscovy and Ming China starting from the 1500s A.D. determined the presence of foreign hand firearms of different origin. As evidenced by written sources, they were numerous on the territories where armed conflicts took place and defensive fortifications (Ostrogs) were subsequently constructed.

scholarly journals Understanding the Urgent Need for Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in the Spanish-Speaking Greater Antilles

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrián Fuentes-Luque ◽  
Pabsi Livmar González-Irizarry
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Greater Antilles ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Caribbean

Even though Audiovisual Translation (AVT) is growing and flourishing throughout the world, it is practically unheard-of in the Caribbean, where accessibility faces an even bleaker existence. The circumstances of the deaf and hard of hearing (also referred to as D/deaf) are no less alarming: social barriers and exclusion are widespread. This paper emphasizes the need to make subtitles accessible in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, specifically on the islands of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic, and underscores the challenges faced by the D/deaf communities on each island. Our research focuses on issues like AVT laws and regulations, the habits of viewers of audiovisual (AV) products, and literacy and limitations on each island. This paper also examines the different types of D/deaf audiovisual consumers in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean and the difficulties each community faces when accessing media and entertainment. Our research reveals the current state of AVT accessibility in this region and provides a foundation for influencing legislators to begin enforcing AVT regulations and drafting SDH guidelines.

The first Russian dictionaries

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Н.Е. Касьяненко
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Alphabetical Order ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Статья посвящена истории развития словарного дела на Руси и появлению первых словарей. Затрагиваются первые, несловарные формы описания лексики в письменных памятниках XI–XVII вв. (глоссы), из которых черпался материал для собственно словарей. Анализируются основные лексикографические жанры этого времени и сложение на их основе азбуковников. В статье уделено внимание таким конкретным лексикографическим произведениям, как ономастикону «Рѣчь жидовскаго «зыка» (XVIII в.), словарям-символикам «Толк о неразумнех словесех» (XV в.) и «Се же приточне речеся», произвольнику, объясняющему славянские слова, «Тлъкование нεоудобь познаваεмомъ въ писаныхъ рѣчемь» (XIV в.), разговорнику «Рѣчь тонкословія греческаго» (ХV в.). Характеризуется словарь Максима Грека «Толкованіе именамъ по алфавиту» (XVI в.). Предметом более подробного освещения стал «Лексис…» Л. Зизания – первый печатный словарь на Руси. На примерах дается анализ его реестровой и переводной частей. Рассматривается известнейший труд П. Берынды «Лексикон славеноросский и имен толкование», а также рукописный «Лексикон латинский…» Е. Славинецкого, являющий собой образец переводного словаря XVII в. The article is dedicated to the history of the development of vocabulary in Russia and the emergence of the first dictionaries. The first, non-verbar forms of description of vocabulary in written monuments of the 11th and 17th centuries (glosses), from which material for the dictionaries themselves were drawn, are affected. The main lexicographical genres of this time are analyzed and the addition of alphabets on their basis. The article focuses on specific lexicographical works such as the «Zhidovskago» (18th century) the dictionaries-symbols of «The Talk of Unreasonable Words» (the 15th century). and «The Same Speech», an arbitrary explanation of slavic words, «The tlution of the cognition in the written», (the 14th century), the phrasebook «Ry subtle Greek» (the 15th century). Maxim Greck's dictionary «Tolkien names in alphabetical order» (16th century) is characterized. The subject of more detailed coverage was «Lexis...» L. Sizania is the first printed dictionary in Russia. Examples give analysis of its registry and translation parts. The famous work of P. Berynda «Lexicon of Slavic and Names of Interpretation» and the handwritten «Lexicon Latin...» are considered. E. Slavinecki, which is a model of the 17th century translated dictionary.

Nirañjanī Sampradāy

Hinduism ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Williams
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Northern India ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Narmada River ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Female Saints ◽  
Different Parts

Believed to have been founded by the saint-poet Svāmī Haridās (d. 1601?) in the late 16th or early 17th century, the Nirañjanī Sampradāy is one of the bhakti communities associated with the so-called nirguṇ sant movement that began in northern India sometime in the 15th century. The Sampradāy, which consists of both monastic initiates and lay followers, flourished during the 17th and 18th centuries in what is now Rajasthan, during which time it also established monastic outposts at locations as distant as Aurangabad and the Narmada River valley. Nirañjanī hagiographical traditions acknowledge the community’s early connections with the Nāth Sampradāya and with the Dādū Panth, another nirguṇ sant tradition that arose at roughly the same time as the Nirañjanī Sampradāy. These close connections are also reflected in the literature, theology, and practices of the sect, which combine Vaishnava bhakti with aspects of yoga as well as elements adapted from Sufi traditions. After the passing of Haridās, the monastic order expanded quickly in a decentralized fashion, with several of Haridās’s direct disciples founding monastic centers and lineages in different parts of Rajasthan (and eventually in Hyderabad as well). Among the later monastic disciples were several prominent saint-poets, including Santadās, Turasīdās, Manoharadās, Bhagavānadās, Dhyānadās, and Harirāmadās. Importantly, the Nirañjanīs also give prominence to Pannājī, an 18th-century female saint, and recognize several other female saints as being part of the tradition. Although the Nirañjanīs themselves were prolific writers, very little material by or about the Nirañjanīs is available in published form. This article lists the few original works of scholarship that have been produced on the Sampradāy in Hindi and in English along with any relevant primary sources that have been published.

Fine Structure and Reproducibility of Radiocarbon Ages of Middle to Early Modern Japanese Tree Rings

Radiocarbon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1907-1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru Sakamoto ◽  
Masataka Hakozaki ◽  
Nanae Nakao ◽  
Takeshi Nakatsuka
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Calibration Curve ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Structure Tree ◽  
The 19Th Century

ABSTRACTThis study carried out accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) measurement of Japanese tree rings dating from the middle to early modern eras to investigate calibration curve fine structure. Tree-ring ages were determined by dendrochronology or δ18O chronology for Japanese trees. 14C ages from the 15th century to the middle of the 17th century followed the IntCal13 calibration curve within measurement error. Different patterns of fluctuations during the latter half of the 17th century to the early the 18th century were observed in different tree samples. In the 19th century, patterns of 14C ages of different samples appeared similar but did not exactly match each other.

Inconsistency in Technical Terminology

Babel ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad A. Saraireh
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Item ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Stylistic Variation ◽  
Arabic Translation ◽  
Technical Translation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Literary Device ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Language Text

Standardization is one of the basic elements of technical translation for proper communication among the users of the target language text. Consistency in signifier-signified correspondence is vital to maintain proper tandardization. However, there are many instances (in translation) in which stylistic variation and inconsistency in using lexical items are confused. The problem arises and becomes serious when inconsistency is mistakenly considered as stylistic variation. Stylistic variation is a very well known literary device to avoid repetition in texts by employing synonyms. Inconsistency arises when a signifier which has been employed in the target language to signify a new borrowed concept is alternately used with any of its synonyms. The translator may create a kind of confusion when he uses a synonym to signify the same concept rather than the assigned lexical item. Therefore, the reader may not be able to follow the progress of the text assuming that there is a different meaning for each synonym. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the different types of this phenomenon in English-Arabic translation.

Physical, Petrographic, and Mineralogical Properties of Limestone Rocks from the Peninsula of Yucatán

2012 ◽  
Vol 1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. May-Crespo ◽  
P. Quintana ◽  
J. J. Alvarado-Gil ◽  
B. A. Juárez de la Rosa ◽  
A. May-Pat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
The State ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Mineralogical Properties ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Limestone Rock

ABSTRACTKnowledge of the mechanical and petrographic properties of limestone rocks is an important issue to different areas of science and engineering. Sedimentary limestone rock is one of the most abundant materials in the Peninsula of Yucatán used for decorative and building construction. This work studies the petrographic, mineralogical, and physical properties of three different types of limestone slabs of the state of Yucatán.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document