scholarly journals A Review on Intergroup Imagined Contact Theory and Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (17) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Theory ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Psychological Difficulties ◽  
Review Study ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination ◽  
Imagined Contact

Prejudice, stereotype and discrimination cause the exposed group members to experience many physical and psychological difficulties. Various studies have been conducted and theories have been developed in order to reduce the negative consequences of prejudice and discrimination and to develop more positive intergroup attitudes and behaviors. One of the theories developed in this context is the intergroup imagined contact theory. Imagined contact is a type of indirect contact that contributes to the reduction of prejudices through a positive mental communication between group members. Number of studies carried out in Turkey about imagined contact theory is quite limited. Therefore, the purpose of the current review study is to present the imagined contact theory and some research findings conducted within the framework of this theory, to make suggestions based on the presented research findings, and to provide a comprehensive Turkish resource for students and researchers who want to have information about imagined contact. For this purpose, firstly, brief information about the concepts of prejudice, stereotype and discrimination and the theories that imagined contact theory based on were presented. Then, imagined contact theory, methodological modifications of imagined contact settings, and related research findings carried out worldwide and in Turkey were reviewed separately. Finally, some opinions and suggestions related to the theory and future directions were presented. Keywords Prejudice, intergroup contact theories, imagined contact theory

scholarly journals Social Status Affects the Causal Relationship Between Prejudice, Discrimination, Personality, Subjective Well-Being, and Self-Esteem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Valdece Sousa Bastos ◽  
Víthor Rosa Franco ◽  
Annalisa Myer
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Status ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Status Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination

People who repeatedly experience prejudice and discrimination are at greater risk for developing several negative consequences, such as low self-esteem (SE). However, scholars have not explored the role of social status as an important variable for this relationship, and its consequences. The current study is aimed at investigating the role of status on the relationship between self-perceived prejudice and discrimination (SPPD), subjective well-being (SWB), SE, and the Big-Five. In a Brazilian sample (N = 1,130), we found that social status affects the network structure among low- and high-status group members. We also found that not all causal relations are equal between groups, such that the influence of SPPD, SE, and neuroticism is different depending on participants’ social status. Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for social status when crafting psychological interventions to mitigate the negative effects of prejudice and discrimination and dismantle systems of oppression for low-status group members.

scholarly journals Can Social Contact Reduce Prejudice and Discrimination? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 654-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRA SCACCO ◽  
SHANA S. WARREN
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Urban Youth ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Randomized Field Experiment ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Skill Building ◽  
Vocational Training Program

Can positive social contact between members of antagonistic groups reduce prejudice and discrimination? Despite extensive research on social contact, observational studies are difficult to interpret because prejudiced people may select out of contact with out-group members. We overcome this problem by conducting an education-based, randomized field experiment—the Urban Youth Vocational Training program (UYVT)—with 849 randomly sampled Christian and Muslim young men in riot-prone Kaduna, Nigeria. After sixteen weeks of positive intergroup social contact, we find no changes in prejudice, but heterogeneous-class subjects discriminate significantly less against out-group members than subjects in homogeneous classes. We trace this finding to increased discrimination by homogeneous-class subjects compared to non-UYVT study participants, and we highlight potentially negative consequences of in-group social contact. By focusing on skill-building instead of peace messaging, our intervention minimizes reporting bias and offers strong experimental evidence that intergroup social contact can alter behavior in constructive ways, even amid violent conflict.

Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhiannon N. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination ◽  
Group Memberships

Scholars have developed a plethora of approaches to reducing prejudice and discrimination, many of which have been successfully applied in schools, workplaces, and community settings. Research on intergroup contact suggests that contact between members of different groups, particularly when that contact is warm and positive (for example through friendships) reduces negative emotional reactions (e.g., anxiety) and promotes positive emotions (e.g., empathy), results in more positive attitudes toward members of that group. One might expect that, in an increasingly connected world characterized by global mobility and diversity, higher levels of contact would be associated with a significant lessening of prejudice and discrimination. However, critics have pointed out that changes in attitudes at the individual level do not necessarily translate into reduced prejudice and discrimination at a societal level. Moreover, not everyone has the opportunity to engage in meaningful contact with members of other groups, and even when they do, these opportunities are not always capitalized on. One solution to lack of opportunities for contact is to capitalize on “indirect contact.” These are interventions based on the principles of contact, but which do not involve a face-to-face encounter. Extended contact, which refers to knowing in-group members who have out-group friends, and vicarious contact, which involves learning about the positive contact experiences of our fellow group members, for example via the media, online intergroup contact, and imagining intergroup contact, have each been shown to promote more positive intergroup attitudes. Another way to reduce prejudice and discrimination is to change the way people categorize social groups. When people perceive members of their own group and another group to belong to the same overarching group—that is, they hold a common in-group identity—there is evidence of reduced intergroup bias. However, when our group membership is important to us, this may constitute a threat to our identity, and lead to a reactive increase in bias in order to reassert the distinctiveness of our group. One solution to this is to encourage a dual identity, whereby an individual holds both the original group membership and a common in-group identity that encompasses both groups simultaneously. Alternatively, given the many and varied group memberships that individuals hold, social categories become less useful as a way of categorizing people. There is also evidence that taking a multicultural approach, where differences are acknowledged, rather than a color-blind approach, where differences are ignored, is less likely to result in prejudice and discrimination. Finally, there is evidence that teaching people about other groups, and about the biases they hold but perhaps are not aware of, can help to reduce prejudice and discrimination.

Diversity and Group Creativity

2019 ◽  
pp. 32-49
Author(s):  
Paul B. Paulus ◽  
Karen I. van der Zee ◽  
Jared B. Kenworthy
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Group Creativity ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Elaboration Model ◽  
State Of The Science

It is often presumed that diversity of group members will enhance group creativity. However, the evidence for this has been mixed. This chapter summarizes the state of the science in this area and provides an integrative framework based on the categorization elaboration model of van Knippenberg and colleagues. It focuses on the factors that influence the expression of diverse perspectives, attention to such expressions, the elaboration of the shared ideas, and how these lead to creative outcomes. It evaluates the importance of identity factors in this process and discusses the potential impact on both divergent and convergent creativity. It notes some of the gaps in the literature and suggests future directions.

Open science reforms: Strengths, challenges, and future directions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn R. Wentzel
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Educational Psychology ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Science Practices ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Impact

In this article, I comment on the potential benefits and limitations of open science reforms for improving the transparency and accountability of research, and enhancing the credibility of research findings within communities of policy and practice. Specifically, I discuss the role of replication and reproducibility of research in promoting better quality studies, the identification of generalizable principles, and relevance for practitioners and policymakers. Second, I suggest that greater attention to theory might contribute to the impact of open science practices, and discuss ways in which theory has implications for sampling, measurement and research design. Ambiguities concerning the aims of preregistration and registered reports also are highlighted. In conclusion, I discuss structural roadblocks to open science reform and reflect on the relevance of these reforms for educational psychology.

scholarly journals The Implications of Using Stereotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-336
Author(s):  
Gabriela-Maria Man
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Diversity

AbstractThe term stereotype was first used around a century ago, but its meaning and implications are relevant today due to an increase in group diversity and interactions. Stereotypes are simplistic and generalized beliefs about group members that can have negative consequences. This article reviews some of the evidence relating to two of the most common implications of stereotypes; discrimination and changes in cognitive and physical performance related with stereotype threat. The findings from this article may be helpful for human resource (HR) specialists, professors, health related specialists and those engaged in evaluation activities.

The Genetics of Gambling and Behavioral Addictions

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 931-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela S.S. Lobo ◽  
James L. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Behavioral Addictions ◽  
Psychiatric Genetics ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Genetic Studies

ABSTRACTBehavioral addictions are considered as the repetitive occurrence of impulsive behaviors without consideration of their potential negative consequences. These addictions represent an increasing cost to society and are an important new field of research in psychiatric genetics. There has been a growing body of evidence on the familial aggregation and genetic influences on the development of behavioral addictions and mainly on pathological gambling. The aim of this article is to critically review findings of family and molecular genetic studies on behavioral addictions, focusing on pathological gambling and commenting on other disorders where appropriate. This review provides a comprehensive approach to genetic studies on behavioral addiction and points out the necessity of expanding the genetic research in this field. Future directions for genetic studies in this field are also discussed.

Hope and Adolescent Mental Health

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Jiang ◽  
Kristin L. Otis ◽  
Marco Weber ◽  
E. Scott Huebner
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Adolescent Mental Health ◽  
Developmental Perspective ◽  
Hope Theory ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Children’S Hope Scale

This chapter begins with a description of the tenets of hope theory and then addresses the importance of hope during adolescence from a developmental perspective. Next, two accompanying instruments for measuring hope in adults and adolescents, the Adult Hope Scale and the Children’s Hope Scale, are described. Then the chapter summarizes the research findings on the relations between hope and adolescent mental health, focusing on the findings related to emotional, psychological, and social well-being, respectively. In addition, the Making Hope Happen intervention is introduced. Finally, the chapter explores future directions in adolescent hope research, along with implications for use by mental health professionals.

Host–Based Intrusion Detection Systems

2014 ◽  
pp. 184-213
Author(s):  
Vít Bukač ◽  
Vashek Matyáš
Keyword(s):  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
The State ◽  
Intrusion Detection Systems ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Art Research

In this chapter, the reader explores both the founding ideas and the state-of-the-art research on host-based intrusion detection systems. HIDSs are categorized by their intrusion detection method. Each category is thoroughly investigated, and its limitations and benefits are discussed. Seminal research findings and ideas are presented and supplied with comments. Separate sections are devoted to the protection against tampering and to the HIDS evasion techniques that are employed by attackers. Existing research trends are highlighted, and possible future directions are suggested.

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