scholarly journals Climate modulates grazing effects on primary productivity of arid ecosystems in Argentina

Ecosistemas ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 2228
Author(s):  
Dianela Alejandra Calvo ◽  
Guadalupe Peter ◽  
Juan José Gaitán
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Grazing Effects

La introducción de fuentes de agua artificiales para uso ganadero en ecosistemas donde el agua ha estado ausente durante su evolución ha provocado cambios en la vegetación. Se ha demostrado que existe una atenuación radial del impacto del pastoreo con la distancia a la fuente de agua, favoreciendo la formación de piósferas. En Argentina, no existen estudios que evalúen cómo actúa el clima como modulador de los efectos del pastoreo en piósferas a lo largo de gradientes ambientales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y analizar el rol que juega el clima como modulador de los efectos que el pastoreo induce a escala local. Esto permitiría comprender como actúa el clima sobre los efectos del pastoreo. Para ello se seleccionaron 77 piósferas a lo largo de un gradiente climático y se analizó la variabilidad espacial de los valores de NDVI (Índice de Vegetación de la Diferencia Normalizada) en el gradiente de pastoreo y su relación con la precipitación media anual y la temperatura media anual. Se observaron dos patrones diferentes de respuesta del NDVI. El patrón 1 presentó un aumento del NDVI con la distancia al punto de agua, mientras que el patrón 2 manifestó un comportamiento inverso. Las piósferas de los patrones 1 y 2 se ubicaron por encima y por debajo de los 280 mm de precipitación anual y de los 14.5 °C de temperatura media anual, respectivamente. Estos resultados sugieren que existe un comportamiento diferencial de la vegetación frente al pastoreo que estaría modulado por variables climáticas.

Response of savanna gross primary productivity to interannual variability in rainfall

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 642-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasturi Devi Kanniah ◽  
Jason Beringer ◽  
Lindsay B. Hutley
Keyword(s):  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Gross Primary Productivity ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Regional Budget ◽  
Closed Forest ◽  
The Impact

Studying the temporal pattern of savanna gross primary productivity (GPP) is essential for predicting the response of the biome to global environmental changes. In this study, MODIS satellite data coupled with eddy covariance based flux measurements were used to estimate GPP using a remote sensing based light use efficiency model across a significant rainfall gradient in the Northern Territory (NT) region of Australia. Closed forest that occurred in wet and often fireproof environments assimilated (GPP) 4–6 times more carbon than grasslands and Acacia woodlands that grow in arid environments (<600 mm annual rainfall). However, due to their small spatial extent, closed forests contributed <0.5% of the regional budget compared to savanna woodlands (86%) and grasslands (32%). Annual rainfall was found to exert a significant influence on GPP for different vegetation types except for closed forest which was less sensitive to above-average rainfall. Interannual variability in GPP showed that arid ecosystems had a higher variation (>20%) compared to woodlands and forest (∼5%). This variation in GPP was correlated with that of rainfall (R2 = 0.88, p<0.05). Analysis of the impact of wettest and driest years on GPP showed a strong positive correlation between the magnitude of the relative maxima in rainfall and maxima in GPP (R2 = 0.89, p<0.05). In contrast, the relative rainfall minima exhibited an insignificant relationship with relative GPP minima (R2 = 0.45, p = 0.07). These findings provide valuable information on the carbon uptake across the savanna biome and show the sensitivity of different vegetation systems to rainfall, a variable that may change in quantity and variability with projected climate change. Such data also show regions of high levels of carbon that could be linked with savanna management to protect the resources in the Australian savannas.

A critical overview of model estimates of net primary productivity for the Australian continent

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Roxburgh ◽  
Damian J. Barrett ◽  
Sandra L. Berry ◽  
John O. Carter ◽  
Ian D. Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Climate System ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Australian Continent

Net primary production links the biosphere and the climate system through the global cycling of carbon, water and nutrients. Accurate quantification of net primary productivity (NPP) is therefore critical in understanding the response of the world’s ecosystems to global climate change, and how changes in ecosystems might themselves feed back to the climate system. Twelve model estimates of long-term annual NPP for the Australian continent were reviewed. These models varied considerably in the approaches adopted and the inputs required. The model estimates ranged 5-fold, from 0.67 to 3.31 Gt C y–1. Within-continent variation was similarly large, with most of the discrepancies occurring in the arid zone of Australia, which comprises most of the continent. It is also within this zone that empirical NPP data are most lacking. Comparison with a recent global-scale analysis of six dynamic global vegetation models showed a similar level of variability in continental total NPP, 0.38 to 2.85 Gt C y–1, and similar within-continent spatial variability. As a first tentative step towards model validation the twelve NPP estimates were compared with existing field measurements, although the ability to reach definitive conclusions was limited by insufficient data, and incompatibilities between the field-based observations and the model predictions. It was concluded that the current NPP-modelling capability falls short of the accuracy required for effective application in understanding the terrestrial biospheric implications of global atmospheric / climatic change. Potential methods that could be used in future work for improving modelled estimates of Australian continental NPP and their validation are discussed. These include increasing the spatial coverage of empirical NPP estimates within arid ecosystems, the use of existing high quality site data for more detailed model exploration, and a formal model inter-comparison using uniform driver datasets to investigate more intensively differences in model behaviour and assumptions.

scholarly journals Does management of a top carnivore influence the response of mesopredators and prey to rainfall in arid ecosystems? Evidence for a Baseline Density theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee L. Brawata
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

ABSTRACT The removal of apex carnivores from ecosystems can impact the abundance and diversity of species in lower trophic levels. In arid ecosystems, where “bottom up” forces of primary productivity and resource availability strongly affect trophic interactions, the role of “top down” effects is still much debated. This study explored the potential role of an apex predator, the dingo, as a “top down” trophic regulator in Australian arid ecosystems under different levels of primary productivity and dingo management regimes. Consistent with the theory of top down regulation, strong relationships were found between dingo management, dingo activity and fox activity. Dingoes appeared to suppress fox activity where dingoes were uncontrolled or only opportunistically controlled. At sites where dingoes were absent or in low numbers, fox activity was higher, and this inverse relationship persisted regardless of rainfall. The activity of rabbits and small mammals was lower where dingoes were absent and fox activity was high, while the activity of macropods was higher in the absence of dingoes. Feral cat activity did not differ significantly between sites under different dingo management or between years. These results suggest that management of dingoes is a key determinant of fox activity and the activity of some prey under varying levels of productivity. Evidence from this research showed that while the strength of trophic regulation by dingoes may fluctuate, top down effects occurred both prior to and post significant rainfall events. Following this, top down regulation of fox populations during dry periods at sites where dingoes are retained may enable higher and more stable “baseline” densities of small vertebrates, from which a larger and more rapid rate of increase of these prey during the “boom” periods can occur. Understanding the relative strength and interactions of top down and bottom up forces in regulating populations, and under what ecological states the importance of each changes, is important for the long-term conservation of biodiversity in arid regions.

scholarly journals Climate-human interaction associated with southeast Australian megafauna extinction patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédérik Saltré ◽  
Joël Chadoeuf ◽  
Katharina J. Peters ◽  
Matthew C. McDowell ◽  
Tobias Friedrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Aboriginal Populations ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Local Extinctions ◽  
Drinkable Water ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Scarce Data

AbstractThe mechanisms leading to megafauna (>44 kg) extinctions in Late Pleistocene (126,000—12,000 years ago) Australia are highly contested because standard chronological analyses rely on scarce data of varying quality and ignore spatial complexity. Relevant archaeological and palaeontological records are most often also biased by differential preservation resulting in under-representated older events. Chronological analyses have attributed megafaunal extinctions to climate change, humans, or a combination of the two, but rarely consider spatial variation in extinction patterns, initial human appearance trajectories, and palaeoclimate change together. Here we develop a statistical approach to infer spatio-temporal trajectories of megafauna extirpations (local extinctions) and initial human appearance in south-eastern Australia. We identify a combined climate-human effect on regional extirpation patterns suggesting that small, mobile Aboriginal populations potentially needed access to drinkable water to survive arid ecosystems, but were simultaneously constrained by climate-dependent net landscape primary productivity. Thus, the co-drivers of megafauna extirpations were themselves constrained by the spatial distribution of climate-dependent water sources.

scholarly journals Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Variability

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Baldocchi ◽  
Youngryel Ryu ◽  
Trevor Keenan
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Gross Primary Productivity ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle

A growing literature is reporting on how the terrestrial carbon cycle is experiencing year-to-year variability because of climate anomalies and trends caused by global change. As CO2 concentration records in the atmosphere exceed 50 years and as satellite records reach over 30 years in length, we are becoming better able to address carbon cycle variability and trends. Here we review how variable the carbon cycle is, how large the trends in its gross and net fluxes are, and how well the signal can be separated from noise. We explore mechanisms that explain year-to-year variability and trends by deconstructing the global carbon budget. The CO2 concentration record is detecting a significant increase in the seasonal amplitude between 1958 and now. Inferential methods provide a variety of explanations for this result, but a conclusive attribution remains elusive. Scientists have reported that this trend is a consequence of the greening of the biosphere, stronger northern latitude photosynthesis, more photosynthesis by semi-arid ecosystems, agriculture and the green revolution, tropical temperature anomalies, or increased winter respiration. At the global scale, variability in the terrestrial carbon cycle can be due to changes in constituent fluxes, gross primary productivity, plant respiration and heterotrophic (microbial) respiration, and losses due to fire, land use change, soil erosion, or harvesting. It remains controversial whether or not there is a significant trend in global primary productivity (due to rising CO2, temperature, nitrogen deposition, changing land use, and preponderance of wet and dry regions). The degree to which year-to-year variability in temperature and precipitation anomalies affect global primary productivity also remains uncertain. For perspective, interannual variability in global gross primary productivity is relatively small (on the order of 2 Pg-C y-1) with respect to a large and uncertain background (123 +/- 4 Pg-C y-1), and detected trends in global primary productivity are even smaller (33 Tg-C y-2). Yet residual carbon balance methods infer that the terrestrial biosphere is experiencing a significant and growing carbon sink. Possible explanations for this large and growing net land sink include roles of land use change and greening of the land, regional enhancement of photosynthesis, and down regulation of plant and soil respiration with warming temperatures. Longer time series of variables needed to provide top-down and bottom-up assessments of the carbon cycle are needed to resolve these pressing and unresolved issues regarding how, why, and at what rates gross and net carbon fluxes are changing.

Limnological characteristics, community metabolism and management strategies of a coastal sinkhole in Cuba (Cenote Jennifer)

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Roberto González-De Zayas ◽  
Liosban Lantigua Ponce de León ◽  
Liezel Guerra Rodríguez ◽  
Felipe Matos Pupo ◽  
Leslie Hernández-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Community Metabolism ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Made In ◽  
Limnological Parameters

The Cenote Jennifer is an important and unique aquatic sinkhole in Cayo Coco (Jardines del Rey Tourist Destination) that has brackish to saline water. Two samplings were made in 1998 and 2009, and 4 metabolism community experiments in 2009. Some limnological parameters were measured in both samplings (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen major ions, hydrogen sulfide, nutrients and others). Community metabolism was measured through incubated oxygen concentration in clear and dark oxygen bottles. Results showed that the sinkhole limnology depends on rainfall and light incidence year, with some stratification episodes, due to halocline or oxycline presence, rather than thermocline. The sinkhole water was oligotrophic (total nitrogen of 41.5 ± 22.2 μmol l−1 and total phosphorus of 0.3 ± 0.2 μmol l−1) and with low productivity (gross primary productivity of 63.0 mg C m−2 d−1). Anoxia and hypoxia were present at the bottom with higher levels of hydrogen sulfide, lower pH and restricted influence of the adjacent sea (2 km away). To protect the Cenote Jennifer, tourist exploitation should be avoided and more resources to ecological and morphological studies should be allocated, and eventually use this aquatic system only for specialized diving. For conservation purposes, illegal garbage disposal in the surrounding forest should end.

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