THE ILWACO, WASHINGTON, TIRE FIRE OIL SPILL

ABSTRACT The Ilwaco tire fire oil spill occurred when oil generated by the pyrolysis of rubber tire chips began seeping from a hillside into an adjacent coastal wetland. The tire chips were used as road fill material to repair a section of State Route 100 damaged by a landslide. This paper discusses not only the complexities of the response to the oil spill, but also the elaborate cofferdam system and containment berm constructed to control and contain the continual flow of oil from the site until mitigation measures could be taken to eliminate the source. Because exposure to oxygen could potentially increase the risk of a tire fire, several in-situ cooling methods were evaluated. The unique properties of this oil, the environmental effects and restoration concerns, the excavation methods, and disposal problems are all discussed. This is one of two sites in the state of Washington where a road fill, constructed of shredded tire chips, has begun burning. A comparison between these two sites, along with some assumptions as to the causes and possible preventative measures, will be briefly discussed.

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Field Performance and Mitigation of Shredded Tire Embankment

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.3141/1577-10 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 1577 (1) ◽

pp. 81-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Steve Gacke ◽

Melany Lee ◽

Nancy Boyd

Keyword(s):

Water Immersion ◽

Field Performance ◽

Foundation Soil ◽

Tire Chips ◽

Environmentally Sensitive Areas ◽

Environmentally Sensitive ◽

Elevated Surface ◽

Cooling Methods ◽

Design Construction

The design, construction, and mitigation of a shredded tire embankment that underwent pyrolysis and full combustion are discussed. The embankment was constructed to repair a 45-m-long section of SR-100 near Ilwaco, Washington, after a landslide occurred in native weathered siltstone. Because of foundation soil characteristics and the proximity of environmentally sensitive areas, the roadway was rebuilt using shredded tires as a lightweight embankment material. Construction of the 8-m (maximum depth of shredded tire chips) embankment went smoothly. Less than 2 months after completion, however, unusual asphalt cracking, odors, and steam were observed in the embankment. The steam and elevated surface temperature readings suggested pyrolysis or combustion of shredded tire chips. Weekly monitoring and sampling were conducted while mitigation options were evaluated. Less than 4 months following construction, an oily substance was observed in the water seeping from the drainage blanket underlying the embankment. The oil was immediately contained using booms, sumps, and a containment berm. Because exposure to oxygen could cause a flare-up, several in situ cooling methods were evaluated to minimize oxygenation of the material. Because of environmental and logistical concerns, excavation and water immersion of shredded tire chips was deemed the preferred mitigation measure. If using shredded tire chips as an embankment material is to be continued, it will be necessary to identify factors contributing to the pyrolysis/combustion so that preventive design criteria can be developed, and methods for remediating pyrolysis and combustion problems should they arise.

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To burn or not to burn? Impact of in-situ oil burning by-products on marine plankton: A mesocosm experimental approach

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-14807 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Iordanis Magiopoulos ◽

Christos Chantzaras ◽

Katerina Symiakaki ◽

Eleftheria Antoniou ◽

Christina Pavloudi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Spill ◽

Experimental Approach ◽

Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽

Ecological Impact ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Marine Plankton ◽

Soot Deposition ◽

By Products ◽

Plankton Communities

In-situ oil burning (isOB) is one of the oil-spill mitigation measures and has been used after some major oil-spill events such as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Although the ecological impact of oil spills and mitigation measures on the marine ecosystem are of great interest, the toxicity and biodegradation potential of isOB by-products have been poorly addressed and mainly are an unknown.We investigated the effects of burned oil residue and soot deposition on the marine plankton communities of the oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean Sea using a mesocosm experimental approach. Coastal water (collected at 300 m from the coast, north of Crete, Greece) was incubated in 3.5 m3 mesocosms for 26 days. Three different treatments in triplicates were tested. In one treatment, 2 L of Iranian Crude Oil were added and burned (Burned treatment) while soot was collected and deposited in the form of artificial rain in more mesocosms (Soot treatment) using a custom-designed soot collection apparatus. The third treatment served as the non-contaminated control (Control treatment). Samples were collected at 9 time points (from Day 0 to Day 26) and the plankton, from viruses to micro-plankton, was studied using flow cytometry and inverted microscopy. &#160;Although the abundance of prokaryotes was slightly decreased in Burned and Soot treatments compared to the Control, the percentage of active heterotrophic bacteria and their relative size (based on their cytometric characteristics) was higher, which is an indication of increased bacterial activity in the contaminated treatments. Viral to Prokaryote Ratio and pico/nano-eukaryotic abundance were significantly increased in the Burned treatment compared to the Control, which could explain the lower bacterial abundance, despite the estimated increased activity, in the Burned treatment. Also, ciliate abundance was significantly lower in the Burned treatment while the opposite was observed in the Soot treatment (up to three orders of magnitude difference between Burned and Soot) compared to Control. Moreover, soot deposits seem to have had a positive effect on the abundance of dinoflagellates and diatoms.To our knowledge, this is the first experiment to study the effects of isOB on whole marine plankton communities. It is evident that the in-situ oil burning has a significant effect on the plankton communities not only at the event site but also on distant areas through the soot deposition. &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;

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Number of boreholes to measure the state of stress in-situ by overcoring

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts ◽

10.1016/0148-9062(84)91518-3 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 78

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

State Of Stress

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In situ measurements of oxidation–reduction potential and hydrogen peroxide concentration as tools for revealing LPMO inactivation during enzymatic saccharification of cellulose

Biotechnology for Biofuels ◽

10.1186/s13068-021-01894-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Adnan Kadić ◽

Anikó Várnai ◽

Vincent G. H. Eijsink ◽

Svein Jarle Horn ◽

Gunnar Lidén

Keyword(s):

Reduction Potential ◽

Enzymatic Saccharification ◽

The State ◽

Enzyme Inactivation ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Process Economics ◽

Complete Inactivation ◽

Oxidation Reduction ◽

Oxidation Reduction Potential

Abstract Background Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to simple sugars at commercial scale is hampered by the high cost of saccharifying enzymes. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) may hold the key to overcome economic barriers. Recent studies have shown that controlled activation of LPMOs by a continuous H2O2 supply can boost saccharification yields, while overdosing H2O2 may lead to enzyme inactivation and reduce overall sugar yields. While following LPMO action by ex situ analysis of LPMO products confirms enzyme inactivation, currently no preventive measures are available to intervene before complete inactivation. Results Here, we carried out enzymatic saccharification of the model cellulose Avicel with an LPMO-containing enzyme preparation (Cellic CTec3) and H2O2 feed at 1 L bioreactor scale and followed the oxidation–reduction potential and H2O2 concentration in situ with corresponding electrode probes. The rate of oxidation of the reductant as well as the estimation of the amount of H2O2 consumed by LPMOs indicate that, in addition to oxidative depolymerization of cellulose, LPMOs consume H2O2 in a futile non-catalytic cycle, and that inactivation of LPMOs happens gradually and starts long before the accumulation of LPMO-generated oxidative products comes to a halt. Conclusion Our results indicate that, in this model system, the collapse of the LPMO-catalyzed reaction may be predicted by the rate of oxidation of the reductant, the accumulation of H2O2 in the reactor or, indirectly, by a clear increase in the oxidation–reduction potential. Being able to monitor the state of the LPMO activity in situ may help maximizing the benefit of LPMO action during saccharification. Overcoming enzyme inactivation could allow improving overall saccharification yields beyond the state of the art while lowering LPMO and, potentially, cellulase loads, both of which would have beneficial consequences on process economics.

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Sub-Level Stoping in an Underground Limestone Quarry: An Analysis of the State of Stress in an Evolutionary Scenario

Archives of Mining Sciences ◽

10.1515/amsc-2016-0015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 199-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marilena Cardu ◽

Sergio Dipietromaria ◽

Pierpaolo Oreste

Keyword(s):

Numerical Models ◽

The State ◽

In Situ Tests ◽

Future Scenario ◽

Limestone Quarry ◽

Geomechanical Properties ◽

State Of Stress ◽

Upper Level ◽

Pillar Structure

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the state of stress of a „voids-pillar“ structure excavated by means of the sub-level stoping method in an underground limestone quarry near Bergamo (Italy). Both the current structure of the quarry (i.e. the rooms exploited till now) and a possible future scenario were analysed using the (FDM) FLAC 2D code. The quarry has been in operation since 1927; at present, exploitation is carried out underground via the sub-level stoping method. Exploitation involves two levels, with 5 rooms on the upper level and 9 rooms on the lower level. After analysing data obtained from laboratory and in situ tests carried out on rock samples and natural discontinuities, the geomechanical properties of the medium, knowledge of which is essential in order to establish the parameters that must be included in the numerical model, were evaluated. The implementation of three numerical models made it possible to study both the present conditions of quarry exploitation and the evolution of the exploited rooms, as well as a possible expansion involving a third level of rooms. Using the results obtained regarding the stress-strain present in the pillars, a potential change in room geometry was proposed aimed at reducing the stress state inside the pillars, decreasing plasticity and increasing overall quarry safety.

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In Silico Hemostasis Modeling and Prediction

Hämostaseologie ◽

10.1055/a-1213-2117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (04) ◽

pp. 524-535

Author(s):

Dmitry Y. Nechipurenko ◽

Aleksey M. Shibeko ◽

Anastasia N. Sveshnikova ◽

Mikhail A. Panteleev

Keyword(s):

In Silico ◽

Physiological Response ◽

Platelet Adhesion ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Thrombus Formation ◽

The State ◽

Modeling And Prediction ◽

Hemostatic System ◽

Single Enzyme

AbstractComputational physiology, i.e., reproduction of physiological (and, by extension, pathophysiological) processes in silico, could be considered one of the major goals in computational biology. One might use computers to simulate molecular interactions, enzyme kinetics, gene expression, or whole networks of biochemical reactions, but it is (patho)physiological meaning that is usually the meaningful goal of the research even when a single enzyme is its subject. Although exponential rise in the use of computational and mathematical models in the field of hemostasis and thrombosis began in the 1980s (first for blood coagulation, then for platelet adhesion, and finally for platelet signal transduction), the majority of their successful applications are still focused on simulating the elements of the hemostatic system rather than the total (patho)physiological response in situ. Here we discuss the state of the art, the state of the progress toward the efficient “virtual thrombus formation,” and what one can already get from the existing models.

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Revealing the structural transformation of rutile RuO2via in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy during the oxygen evolution reaction

Dalton Transactions ◽

10.1039/c9dt00138g ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (21) ◽

pp. 7122-7129 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Chia-Jui Chang ◽

You-Chiuan Chu ◽

Hao-Yu Yan ◽

Yen-Fa Liao ◽

Hao Ming Chen

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Evolution ◽

Structural Transformation ◽

Absorption Spectroscopy ◽

Oxygen Evolution Reaction ◽

The State ◽

X Ray ◽

Alkaline Conditions ◽

X Ray Absorption ◽

State Of Art

The state-of-art RuO2 catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is measured by using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to elucidate the structural transformation during catalyzing the reaction in acidic and alkaline conditions.

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Monitoring and assessment of an oil spill event with very high resolution tools.

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-13528 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ana M. Mancho ◽

Guillermo García-Sánchez ◽

Antonio G. Ramos ◽

Josep Coca ◽

Begoña Pérez-Gómez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Oil Spill ◽

In Situ Observation ◽

The European Union ◽

Horizon 2020 ◽

Research And Innovation ◽

Port Authorities ◽

Different Sources ◽

Very High

This presentation discusses a downstream application from Copernicus Services, developed in the framework of the IMPRESSIVE project, for the monitoring of &#160;the oil spill produced after the crash of the ferry &#8220;Volcan de Tamasite&#8221; in waters of the Canary Islands on the 21st of April 2017. The presentation summarizes the findings of [1] that describe a complete monitoring of the diesel fuel spill, well-documented by port authorities. Complementary information supplied by different sources enhances the description of the event. We discuss the performance of very high resolution hydrodynamic models in the area of the Port of Gran Canaria and their ability for describing the evolution of this event. Dynamical systems ideas support the comparison of different models performance. Very high resolution remote sensing products and in situ observation validate the description.Authors acknowledge support from IMPRESSIVE a project funded by the European Union&#8217;s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 821922. SW acknowledges the support of ONR Grant No. N00014-01-1-0769References[1] G.Garc&#237;a-S&#225;nchez, A. M. Mancho, A. G. Ramos, J. Coca, B. P&#233;rez-G&#243;mez, E. &#193;lvarez-Fanjul, M. G. Sotillo, M. Garc&#237;a-Le&#243;n, V. J. Garc&#237;a-Garrido, S. Wiggins. Very High Resolution Tools for the Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Hazards in Coastal Areas. &#160;Front. Mar. Sci. (2021) doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.605804.

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Oil spill modeling: computational tools, analytical frameworks, and emerging technologies

Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment ◽

10.1177/0309133318804977 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 129-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jake R. Nelson ◽

Tony H. Grubesic

Keyword(s):

Oil Spill ◽

Emerging Technologies ◽

Computational Tools ◽

Gis And Remote Sensing ◽

Response Strategies ◽

Wide Range ◽

Oil Spill Modeling ◽

In Situ Sensing ◽

Analytical Frameworks

Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010, a substantial body of research has focused on the development of computational tools and analytical frameworks for modeling oil spill events. Much of this work is dedicated to deepening our understanding of the interactions between oil, fragile ecosystems, and the environment, as well as the impacts of oil on human settlements which are vulnerable to spill events. These advances in oil spill modeling and associated analytics have not only increased the efficiency of spill interdiction and mitigation efforts, they have also helped to nurture proactive, versus reactive, response strategies and plans for local and regional stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to provide a progress report on the wide range of computational tools, analytical frameworks, and emerging technologies which are necessary inputs for a complete oil spill modeling package. Specifically, we explore the use of relatively mature tools, such as dedicated spill modeling packages, geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing, as well emerging technologies such as aerial and aquatic drones and other in-situ sensing technologies. The integration of these technologies and the advantages associated with using a geographic lens for oil spill modeling are discussed.

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