Recovery of Sunken and Buried Oil in Coastal Water During the Erika Spill

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (1) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Le Guerroué ◽  
Gérard Cariou ◽  
Emmanuelle Poupon ◽  
François Xavier Merlin
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Sediment Removal ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Optimum Technique ◽  
Site Restoration ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Sunken Oil

ABSTRACT The Erika spilled a very high density, high PAH content persistent heavy fuel oil that impacted over 400 kms of France's West Brittany coastline resulting in a protracted period of shoreline cleanup. One of the sites oiled by the HFO was Pen Bron, located seaward of the Croisic salt marshes. This laarge and very environmentally sensitive area with extensive salt pans and bivalve production was polluted by a significant spill of sunken oil buried in the sediment. In view of the risk to local resources and amenities, operations were undertaken to remedy the sunken oil spill: the pollution was mapped and cleanup techniques studied to define the optimum technique for removing the oil that sank and was buried in an area subject to strong tidal currents. Site restoration was conducted in two stages:Sediment in the most polluted area (700 m2) was mobilized by a mechanical shovel dredge mounted on a barge and the sediment was sent to a refinery to be disposed of along with waste from other locations.Sediment from the surrounding area (10 000 m2) was removed by a pump dredger; pumping the sediment - oil - water mixture ashore to a lagoon where the oil was removed from the sediment by floatation and skimmed while the water was filtered before being released. The residual oil concentration in the sand was monitored by chemical analysis to decide on how to dispose of it best: replacing it on site or treating it as a specific waste. This operation involved over 5,500 tonnes of sediment. Environmental impact was minimised as 85% of the sediment was reinstated safely on site, thus avoiding the risk of shoreline erosion which could have happened in the event of excessive sediment removal.

scholarly journals MASSIVE USE OF BERM RELOCATION AND SURFWASHING DURING THE 2006 JYEH OIL SPILL (LEBANON): THE ACCURATE RESPONSE FOR BEACHES CLEANUP

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Fichaut ◽  
Bahr Loubnan
Keyword(s):  
Surf Zone ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Sediment Removal ◽  
Calm Weather ◽  
Oily Waste

ABSTRACT Following the bombardment of the Jyeh power station in Lebanon on July 16 2006, about 10 to 15000 tons of heavy fuel oil drifted 150 km northward all the way to the Syrian border. Because of the continuing war, the cleanup operations could not start until early September. The response consisted of conceptually dividing the coast line into several sectors managed by various operators; from Jyeh to Beyrouth, a 34.5 km stretch of shoreline, the treatment of beaches was assigned to the lebanese N.G.O “Bahr Loubnan’. In this area, 5.3 km of sandy and gravel beaches appeared to be heavily oiled on a width that seldomly exceeded 10 m. Oil was found buried down to a depth of 1.8 m at several locations. Additionnally oil was also found sunken in shallow waters in the breaker zones of numerous beaches. In order to minimize sediment removal and production of oily waste to be treated, it was decided to operate massive treatmenN in situ. After manual recovery of stranded oil, about 12,000 m of sediment including 1,000 m of cobbles have been relocated in the surf zone. Despite the lack of tides and of the generally calm weather conditions, surfwashing was very efficient due mainly to the fact that, in non tidal conditions, sediments are continuously reworked by wave açtion which operates at the same level on the beaches. Only 540 m of heavily oiled sand, was removed from beaches and submitted for further treatment. The lack of appropriate sorbents material in Lebanon to capture the floating oil released by surfwahing was also a challenge. This was addressed by using locally Nmanufactured sorbents, which proved to be very efficient and 60 m of sorbent soaked with oil were produced during the cleanup.

HOW A LOCAL NGO SUCCEEDED IN CLEANING UP THE LEBANON OIL SPILL, 2006

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Elsarji
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Local People ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Protective Gear ◽  
Local Ngo ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sunken Oil

ABSTRACT The oil spill in Lebanon in August 2006 resulted in 15000 tons of heavy fuel oil covering more than 160 kilometers of beaches and sea floor of Lebanon. Bahr Loubnan is a Lebanese NGO who volunteered to undertake the clean-up work as a gift to the Lebanese people. Bahr Loubnan experts made a full assessment of the situation; divers explored the sea floor and located all patches of fuel that sank, as another team toured and assessed every affected beach. As a result, a detailed plan was prepared and submitted to the Lebanese government who gave its approval on Sept. 7th 2006. The clean-up crew cleaned any sunken oil found on the bottom of the sea and on two thirds of the affected beaches. The cost of the whole operation, including the cost of all needed equipment, protective gear, storage tanks, transportation and food, was less than half a million dollars. Local people who were hired to work in the clean-up operations were treated as partners in the project and not as “Laborers”. Fifty professional divers were assigned the job of cleaning the oil found on the sea floor. Sandy and pebbles beaches were cleaned by surf washing, which proved very successful. Powerful “Cachiers” pumping water at a pressure of 1450 bars were used to clean the oil off rocky beaches. The operation was a success. It would be impossible for anyone to distinguish between beaches that were polluted and those who were not.

LONG-TERM FATE AND EFFECTS OF UNTREATED THICK OIL DEPOSITS ON SALT MARSHES

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 (1) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenifer M. Baker ◽  
Guzman M. Leonardo ◽  
Paul D. Bartlett ◽  
David I. Little ◽  
C. Mark Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Marsh Surface ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Vegetation Recovery ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
The Strait Of Magellan ◽  
Oil Deposits

ABSTRACT The paper compares two case histories in which thick oil layers were deposited on salt marshes. The first concerns a spill in Milford Haven, Wales, in February 1969, which resulted in deposits of heavy fuel oil on parts of the Martinshaven marsh. The second concerns the Metula spill of light Arabian crude in the Strait of Magellan, Chile, in August 1974. Salt marshes near Puerto Espora, Tierra del Fuego, were affected by thick mousse. Following both spills, vegetation was smothered and killed. For a variety of reasons, including remoteness, there was no cleanup treatment in either case. At Martinshaven, vegetation recovery started within the first year after the spill, and was complete within 15 years. The oil layer is still clearly visible in core samples, but is not visible at the marsh surface because of sediment deposition. Samples analyzed in 1990, 22 years after the spill, were still recognizable as heavy fuel oil, albeit highly degraded. The Puerto Espora marshes were revisited in 1990 and 1991, 16 and 17 years after the spill. Mousse deposits were still visible at the surface. Samples analyzed in 1990 showed that oil beneath the surface skin of thick deposits was still quite fresh. There was no vegetation recovery in such areas. Where deposits were thinner, the mousse was well weathered and vegetation was recovering. Factors influencing recovery include oil type and weathering, oil thickness, sedimentation processes, size of area affected, and plant morphology. It is concluded that in extreme circumstances of extensive, thick oil deposits, natural recovery will take decades, so a cleanup program is likely to be justifiable. Cleanup may not be necessary for small areas of thick deposits on some marshes.

Viscosity Effects of Spray Characteristics in Air-Blast Atomizer

2015 ◽  
Vol 656-657 ◽  
pp. 142-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien Chiu Hsu ◽  
S.I. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Atomization Characteristics

Coal is currently the most widely used and most abundant fossil fuel in the world. It is primarily used for generating electricity at power plants. However, due to problems of pollution and energy consumption, importance has been placed on the development of clean coal technology. Coal-water slurry (CWS), consisting of fine coal and water mixture, is a liquid fuel used to replace heavy fuel oil for boilers and entrained flow gasifiers. Since CWS is a liquid with high viscosity and regular atomizing burners are designed for the use of fossil fuels with low viscosity, it is necessary to design high efficiency atomizing burners specific for CWS. As viscosity is a key factor for atomization characteristics, we used silicon oils of different viscosity as the testing liquids, to study the effect of different atomization parameters on the atomization characteristics. Our results show that, when the gas to liquid ratio (GLR) is high, the existing particle velocity at the central axis is lower than low GLR condition; likewise, the velocity at radial positions is higher of the high-viscosity case. The velocity also increases as the radial distance further increases away from the axis. And decrease as the GLR increases. On the other hand, the distribution of the velocities does not change after the radial distance reaches a certain limit. This limit decreases as the axial length increases. Increasing viscosity increases the inertial force of the liquid fluid, so the momentum of the atomization gas needs to be increased for it to generate enough shear stress on the fluid and to enhance the atomization characteristics.

scholarly journals Flume Experiments to Assess the Effect of Bottom Roughness, Temperature, Water Velocity and Oil Condition on Critical Shear Stress Estimates of Heavy Fuel Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
MELISSA GLOEKLER ◽  
NANCY KINNER ◽  
TOM BALLESTERO ◽  
ESHAN DAVE
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Critical Shear Stress ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Bed Shear Stress ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
Sunken Oil

Non-floating oil is challenging to detect, track, and recover due to limited visibility inhibiting verification of the oil's location and subsurface movement. Oil that sinks to the bottom (i.e., sunken oil) can form large mats or small agglomerates on the bottom, mix into sediments, or remobilize into the water column and move with currents potentially impacting shorelines, benthic and pelagic organisms, intakes for drinking water, and power plants. Trajectory models exist that predict movement of floating and submerged oil; however, many models cannot accurately address sunken oil movement because the bed shear stress (BSS) necessary to mobilize oil (i.e., critical shear stress (CSS)), neglects the effects of bottom roughness and assumes an immobile bed. The goal of this research is to provide responders and modelers with more precise CSS estimates that include the effect of bottom roughness and incorporate results into a response tool to predict sunken oil movement. The transport of oil depends upon in-situ environmental conditions and oil properties. This research used the Coastal Response Research Center's (CRRC) 2180-liter straight flume to test the effects of water velocity, water temperature, oil mass, and bottom friction on fresh and weathered No. 6 Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) on an immobile boundary. The flume's test section provided a uniform, one-dimensional flow field measured in 3D by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV), a Nortek AS (Norway) Vectrino II Profiling Velocimeter. The fresh or weathered (%Ev=5) HFO was mixed with kaolinite clay as a sinking agent, and 100 grams of the mixture was injected into static water via subsurface injection. The water velocity was incrementally increased in a stepwise manner by 0.07 m/s intervals and held for 15 minutes at each velocity. This occurred until: (1) oil had stopped eroding or was completely eroded from the substrate, or (2) the maximum velocity of 1.04 m/s was reached. Bottom roughness was evaluated using the velocity profile and bed shear stress (BSS) was calculated using multiple methods applicable to lab and field conditions. The oil's behavior was documented by downward- and side-facing GoPro cameras and reviewed to estimate mass loss per velocity interval, the distance the oil migrated along the bottom, and the corresponding CSS. In the case of an oil spill, responders can compare CSS estimates, determined through this research, with in-situ BSS estimates predicting under what conditions the sunken oil will become mobile.

Biosorption of heavy fuel oil from aqueous solution by Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in natura

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laís A. Nascimento ◽  
Marilda N. Carvalho ◽  
Mohand Benachour ◽  
Valdemir A. Santos ◽  
Leonie A. Sarubbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil

scholarly journals Numerical investigation of the aerodynamic breakup of Diesel and heavy fuel oil droplets

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 203-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionisis Stefanitsis ◽  
Ilias Malgarinos ◽  
George Strotos ◽  
Nikolaos Nikolopoulos ◽  
Emmanouil Kakaras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Investigation ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Oil Droplets

Measurements and predictions of nitric oxide and particulates emissions from heavy fuel oil spray flames

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 2241-2250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Byrnes ◽  
E.A. Foumeny ◽  
T. Mahmud ◽  
A.S.A.K. Sharifah ◽  
T. Abbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Spray Flames

scholarly journals Comparative sensitivity of the early life stages of a coral to heavy fuel oil and UV radiation

2021 ◽  
pp. 146676
Author(s):  
F. Mikaela Nordborg ◽  
Diane L. Brinkman ◽  
Gerard F. Ricardo ◽  
Susana Agustí ◽  
Andrew P. Negri
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Comparative Sensitivity

Seawater Scrubbing for the Removal of Sulfur Dioxide in a Steam Turbine Power Plant

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akili D. Khawaji ◽  
Jong-Mihn Wie
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil

The most popular method of controlling sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions in a steam turbine power plant is a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process that uses lime/limestone scrubbing. Another relatively newer FGD technology is to use seawater as a scrubbing medium to absorb SO2 by utilizing the alkalinity present in seawater. This seawater scrubbing FGD process is viable and attractive when a sufficient quantity of seawater is available as a spent cooling water within reasonable proximity to the FGD scrubber. In this process the SO2 gas in the flue gas is absorbed by seawater in an absorber and subsequently oxidized to sulfate by additional seawater. The benefits of the seawater FGD process over the lime/limestone process and other processes are; 1) The process does not require reagents for scrubbing as only seawater and air are needed, thereby reducing the plant operating cost significantly, and 2) No solid waste and sludge are generated, eliminating waste disposal, resulting in substantial cost savings and increasing plant operating reliability. This paper reviews the thermodynamic aspects of the SO2 and seawater system, basic process principles and chemistry, major unit operations consisting of absorption, oxidation and neutralization, plant operation and performance, cost estimates for a typical seawater FGD plant, and pertinent environmental issues and impacts. In addition, the paper presents the major design features of a seawater FGD scrubber for the 130 MW oil fired steam turbine power plant that is under construction in Madinat Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah, Saudi Arabia. The scrubber with the power plant designed for burning heavy fuel oil containing 4% sulfur by weight, is designed to reduce the SO2 level in flue gas to 425 ng/J from 1,957 ng/J.

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