scholarly journals MASSIVE USE OF BERM RELOCATION AND SURFWASHING DURING THE 2006 JYEH OIL SPILL (LEBANON): THE ACCURATE RESPONSE FOR BEACHES CLEANUP

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Fichaut ◽  
Bahr Loubnan
Keyword(s):  
Surf Zone ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Sediment Removal ◽  
Calm Weather ◽  
Oily Waste

ABSTRACT Following the bombardment of the Jyeh power station in Lebanon on July 16 2006, about 10 to 15000 tons of heavy fuel oil drifted 150 km northward all the way to the Syrian border. Because of the continuing war, the cleanup operations could not start until early September. The response consisted of conceptually dividing the coast line into several sectors managed by various operators; from Jyeh to Beyrouth, a 34.5 km stretch of shoreline, the treatment of beaches was assigned to the lebanese N.G.O “Bahr Loubnan’. In this area, 5.3 km of sandy and gravel beaches appeared to be heavily oiled on a width that seldomly exceeded 10 m. Oil was found buried down to a depth of 1.8 m at several locations. Additionnally oil was also found sunken in shallow waters in the breaker zones of numerous beaches. In order to minimize sediment removal and production of oily waste to be treated, it was decided to operate massive treatmenN in situ. After manual recovery of stranded oil, about 12,000 m of sediment including 1,000 m of cobbles have been relocated in the surf zone. Despite the lack of tides and of the generally calm weather conditions, surfwashing was very efficient due mainly to the fact that, in non tidal conditions, sediments are continuously reworked by wave açtion which operates at the same level on the beaches. Only 540 m of heavily oiled sand, was removed from beaches and submitted for further treatment. The lack of appropriate sorbents material in Lebanon to capture the floating oil released by surfwahing was also a challenge. This was addressed by using locally Nmanufactured sorbents, which proved to be very efficient and 60 m of sorbent soaked with oil were produced during the cleanup.

BLUE MASTER: USE OF COREXIT®9500 TO DISPERSE IFO 180 SPILL1

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 815-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Kaser ◽  
Julie Gahn ◽  
Charlie Henry
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Tier Ii ◽  
Response Team ◽  
Calm Weather ◽  
Unified Command ◽  
The Right ◽  
Time Limitations

ABSTRACT COREXIT®9500 was used to disperse 100 barrels (bbls) of Intermediate Fuel Oil (IFO) 180 30 nautical miles south of Galveston, Texas. The dispersant was highly effective in dispersing this heavy fuel oil. Efficacy was based on the fact that only 1.5 barrels of oil washed up on the beach in the form of tarballs a week later. No reports of oiled birds or wildlife related to the incident were received. The pre-authorization limits of the Regional Response Team (RRT) Region VI On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual were outdated; COREXIT®9500 was placed on the National Contingency Plan (NCP) Product Schedule list of approved dispersants after the manual was written. COREXIT®9500 enables dispersal of heavier products than those originally considered by the RRT. The specific gravity of IFO 180 is 0.988 while the OSC Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual considered 0.953 an upper limit. The dispersant was applied outside the 6-hour time limit because an overflight showed little to no emulsification of the oil because of calm weather conditions. Although current conditions were calm, thunderstorms were expected to develop in the area that would provide the mixing action needed to enhance dispersal. The Unified Command considered this dispersant application a “cautious success.” The small amount of oil that reached the beach and the absence of oiled birds support a statement of success but, because of time limitations, Tier II SMART (Specialized Monitoring of Applied Response Technologies) data were not obtained to substantiate this conclusion. Following this case, RRT Region VI convened a committee to review the Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual, to evaluate whether the pre-approved protocols were still relevant, and to develop changes to the Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual if needed for consideration and approval by the RRT. At its January 2000 meeting, RRT Region VI approved several short-term changes to the manual and authorized continued work on several mid- and long-term revisions. These changes not only give the OSC more flexibility in choosing the right dispersant tools, but also give greater requirements to document dispersant operations.

Recovery of Submerged oil from an Alaska Lake

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (1) ◽  
pp. 713-718
Author(s):  
Don A. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Surf Zone ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Lake Bottom ◽  
Responsible Party

ABSTRACT On November 26, 1997, the M/V Kuroshima was anchored near Unalaska, Alaska when extreme weather conditions dislodged it from its anchorage. Winds exceeding 90 miles per hour and waves exceeding 25 feet forced the vessel onto rocks, where its hull was punctured. Approximately 39,000 gallons of heavy fuel oil (IFO 380) were discharged into marine waters, onto adjacent shorelines, into a creek, and into Summer Bay Lake. Shoreline cleanup was implemented immediately following the spill, but was suspended until spring due to harsh weather conditions, safety concerns, and inefficient cleanup operations. Because the oil had a very high viscosity, was stranded high on the shoreline and winter had set in, the oil did not present an immediate environmental or human health threat. It was suspected that some of the discharged oil mixed with sand as it moved through the surf zone and sank when it entered the lake. During the winter, state and federal agencies and the responsible party developed a plan to survey the lake and creek for submerged oil. In early spring, divers conducted visual surveys of the lake bottom along 6.5 miles of transect to locate submerged oil. Transect locations were identified using a Differential Global Positioning System and the bottom was videotaped. A survey approach similar to that used to conduct a shoreline cleanup assessment was employed to characterize the lake bottom and the nature and spatial extent of the submerged oil. An oil recovery plan and cleanup criteria were developed and implemented. This case study describes the approach and technology utilized to survey for submerged oil and presents the survey findings and oil recovery and disposal methods employed. The challenges presented by the remote location, difficult working conditions, and natural resource concerns are also discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of long term natural weathering on oil composition: study of the 41-years-old Amoco Cadiz and 20-years-old Erika oil spills

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronan Jézéquel ◽  
Julien Guyomarch ◽  
Justine Receveur ◽  
Stéphane Le Floch
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Steering Mechanism ◽  
Weathered Oil ◽  
Specific Degradation

On 16 March 1978, the oil tanker the Amoco Cadiz, transporting 223,000 tons of crude oil and 4,000 tons of bunker fuel oil, suffered a failure of her steering mechanism and ran aground on Portsall Rocks, on the Breton coast. The entire cargo spilled out as the breakers split the vessel in two, progressively polluting 360 km of French shoreline from Brest to Saint Brieuc. This was the largest oil spill caused by a tanker grounding ever recorded in the world. The consequences of this accident were significant, and it caused the French Government to revise its oil response plan (the Polmar Plan), to acquire equipment stocks (Polmar stockpiles), to impose traffic lanes in the Channel and to create Cedre. On 12 December 1999, the tanker Erika broke up and sank off the coast of Brittany (France) leading to the spill of 20,000 tons of a heavy fuel oil. 400 km of the French Atlantic coastline were polluted. Because of the characteristics of the oil (a very heavy fuel oil with a high content of light cracking oil) and the severe weather conditions (a centennial storm with spring tides) when the oil came on shore, the Erika spill was one of the most severe accidental releases of oil along the French coastlines. All types of habitat were concerned, and pollution reached the supratidal zone affecting terrestrial vegetation and lichens. In 2019, respectively 41 years and 20 years after these major oil spills affecting the French shoreline, a sampling round was conducted at two sites recorded to present some residual traces of oil. Samples of weathered oil were collected, extracted with methylene chloride and then purified through an alumina-silica microcolumn. SARA fractionation and GC-MS analyses were performed in order to assess respectively the total degradation of the weathered oil (amount of saturates, aromatics and polar fraction) and the specific degradation of nalkanes from n-C9 to n-C40, biomarkers (such as terpanes, hopanes and steranes) and PAHs (parents and alkylated derivatives).

scholarly journals THE USE OF SURFACE DRIFTING FLOATS IN THE MONITORING OF OIL SPILLS. THE PRESTIGE CASE

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 613-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio García-Ladona ◽  
Jordi Font ◽  
Evilio del Río ◽  
Agustí Julià ◽  
Jordi Salat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Wave Forecast ◽  
The Prestige

ABSTRACT On November 13th, 2002 the 26 year old tanker Prestige reported an emergency off the North Western Spanish coast (Galicia). The ship was carrying 77,000 tons of heavy fuel oil that started to be spilled while the vessel was towed away from the coast, affecting more than 900 km of shoreline. The location and the way the accident occurred implied a great challenge for the organization and coordinaton of actions to fight against the oil pollution. The site, just off the Finis terre cap, is a complex region from the oceanographic point of view and weather conditions, and this facilitated the fuel transport and spread over a great area. In order to take rapid preventive actions, it was crucial to have accurate spill trajectory forecasts covering direction and coastal impact. Under the coordination of public agencies and Spanish academic and research institutions, an operational monitoring system was built including wind and wave forecast, oil spill dispersion models, and visual inspection flights. Although the use of lagrangian floats was made in other incidents in the past (i.e Erika tanker) the characteristics of the Prestige accident indicated the need to deploy a relative great number of buoys as a major novelty respect to similar accidents in the past. The purpose of this contribution is to describe the operational actions performed during this particular accident, and to show the use of Lagrangian floats as an efficient procedure to improve the management and advice for such catastrophic events.

Recovery of Sunken and Buried Oil in Coastal Water During the Erika Spill

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (1) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Le Guerroué ◽  
Gérard Cariou ◽  
Emmanuelle Poupon ◽  
François Xavier Merlin
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Sediment Removal ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Optimum Technique ◽  
Site Restoration ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Sunken Oil

ABSTRACT The Erika spilled a very high density, high PAH content persistent heavy fuel oil that impacted over 400 kms of France's West Brittany coastline resulting in a protracted period of shoreline cleanup. One of the sites oiled by the HFO was Pen Bron, located seaward of the Croisic salt marshes. This laarge and very environmentally sensitive area with extensive salt pans and bivalve production was polluted by a significant spill of sunken oil buried in the sediment. In view of the risk to local resources and amenities, operations were undertaken to remedy the sunken oil spill: the pollution was mapped and cleanup techniques studied to define the optimum technique for removing the oil that sank and was buried in an area subject to strong tidal currents. Site restoration was conducted in two stages:Sediment in the most polluted area (700 m2) was mobilized by a mechanical shovel dredge mounted on a barge and the sediment was sent to a refinery to be disposed of along with waste from other locations.Sediment from the surrounding area (10 000 m2) was removed by a pump dredger; pumping the sediment - oil - water mixture ashore to a lagoon where the oil was removed from the sediment by floatation and skimmed while the water was filtered before being released. The residual oil concentration in the sand was monitored by chemical analysis to decide on how to dispose of it best: replacing it on site or treating it as a specific waste. This operation involved over 5,500 tonnes of sediment. Environmental impact was minimised as 85% of the sediment was reinstated safely on site, thus avoiding the risk of shoreline erosion which could have happened in the event of excessive sediment removal.

scholarly journals Comparative toxicity assessment of in situ burn residues to initial and dispersed heavy fuel oil using zebrafish embryos as test organisms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Johann ◽  
Mira Goßen ◽  
Leonie Mueller ◽  
Valentina Selja ◽  
Kim Gustavson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Information ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Toxic Response ◽  
Chemical Dispersant ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn situ burning (ISB) is discussed to be one of the most suitable response strategies to combat oil spills in extreme conditions. After burning, a highly viscous and sticky residue is left and may over time pose a risk of exposing aquatic biota to toxic oil compounds. Scientific information about the impact of burn residues on the environment is scarce. In this context, a comprehensive ISB field experiment with approx. 1000L IFO 180 was conducted in a fjord in Greenland. The present study investigated the toxicity of collected ISB residues to early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model for potentially exposed pelagic organisms. The toxicity of ISB residues on zebrafish embryos was compared with the toxicity of the initial (unweathered) IFO 180 and chemically dispersed IFO 180. Morphological malformations, hatching success, swimming behavior, and biomarkers for exposure (CYP1A activity, AChE inhibition) were evaluated in order to cover the toxic response on different biological organization levels. Across all endpoints, ISB residues did not induce greater toxicity in zebrafish embryos compared with the initial oil. The application of a chemical dispersant increased the acute toxicity most likely due to a higher bioavailability of dissolved and particulate oil components. The results provide insight into the adverse effects of ISB residues on sensitive life stages of fish in comparison with chemical dispersant application.

Natural cleanup of heavy fuel oil on rocks: an in situ experiment

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 983-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jézéquel ◽  
L. Menot ◽  
F.-X. Merlin ◽  
R.C. Prince
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Oil ◽  
In Situ Experiment ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil

Heavy Fuel Operation at Limay Bataan Power Station

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benno Basler ◽  
Detlef Marx
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Operating Period ◽  
Fuel Treatment

The Limay Bataan Power station, a 600 MW combined cycle, is now in its 8th successful year of operation. Operating on this specific heavy fuel oil, which is a high viscosity, high ashbearing heavy fuel residue from the refinery at Limay, requires a skilled and experienced crew as the quality of fuel was subject to major changes which are highly relevant to the operating mode. If not treated properly, this fuel could corrode blades within a short operating period. This paper describes the experiences gained on the fuel handling from the fuel treatment plant to the turbine and also addresses the operation of the combined cycle. Specific operating problems are discussed. The plant is fully operated and maintained by ALSTOM Power O&M Ltd with its local team that has greatly contributed to the success of the plant.

Co-Generation Energy Centres in Diverse Production Facilities

1989 ◽  
Vol 203 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
A L Phillips ◽  
A Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Operating Experience ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Air Heating ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Port Sunlight ◽  
Base Load

This paper gives a review of applications within the Unilever Group, including plants in operation and studies that did not result in implementation, discusses the development of Unilever's Mersey side site and gives a review of Unilever's recently completed remodelling of the Merseyside Power Station, Port Sunlight, including the financial case, how it is put into practice and operating experience. The oil-fired high-pressure boilers/backpressure steam turbines station now incorporates a 105 tonne/h, 103 bar, 510°C, spreader stoker coal-fired boiler and a 9.5 MWe heavy fuel oil-burning medium-speed diesel engine. Both operate on ‘base load’. The station is flexibly integrated by means of feedwater and air heating systems.

Experiments at Sea with Herders and In Situ Burning (HISB)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 2184-2203 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Cooper ◽  
Ian Buist ◽  
Steve Potter ◽  
Per Daling ◽  
Ivar Singsaas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Calm Weather

ABSTRACT A series of experiments involving herders and ISB (designated HISB) were conducted at sea on 14th – 15th June 2016, near the Frigg Field in the North Sea. The primary objective of the experiments described in this paper was to demonstrate, at near-full scale, the use of herders followed by in situ burning (ISB) in open water conditions and validate the findings of an earlier field study of herders in conjunction with ISB. Two experimental releases of 6 m3 (approximately 40 barrels) and one of 4 m3 of Grane Blend crude oil were undertaken. The released oil spread out differently on the sea surface in each of the slicks due to slight variations in release conditions and prevailing wind conditions. Herder (ThickSlick 6535) was applied around two of the slicks by spraying from a small boat; a third slick was not herded before ignition. In the first test, approximately 80% of the total amount of thick oil was herded to form a coherent slick with an average oil layer thickness of approximately 3 mm to 5 mm. The second herded slick accounted for 40% of the amount of oil released and resulted in an average layer thickness of approximately 2 mm to 3 mm present as several discrete areas of thick oil. The average oil layer thickness in the non-herded slick was 2.5 mm to 3 mm (under very calm weather conditions) and this slick had also been broken up into several discrete areas of thick oil. Ignition with gelled gasoline igniters was carried out approximately one hour after oil release. All three slicks were successfully ignited. Approximately 3.4 m3 of the available oil in the first herded slick was consumed in three distinct burns, while the second herded slick consumed 0.8 m3 of oil in only one burn. The remaining test involving an unherded slick consumed approximately 1.2 m3 of oil in three burns.

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