OIL SPILL MONITORING HANDBOOK

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 937-941
Author(s):  
Leigh Stevens ◽  
John Wardrop
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Termination Criteria ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Response Decisions

ABSTRACT This paper describes afield handbook jointly prepared for the New Zealand (NZ) Maritime Safety Authority (MSA) and Australian MSA (AMSA) to help plan the scope, scale, and design of oil spill monitoring programs. A two-class monitoring nomenclature is used to classify monitoring according to its underlying purpose. Type I (Operational) Monitoring: provides information of direct relevance to spill response operations, i.e. information needed to plan or execute response or cleanup strategies. Type II (Scientific) Monitoring: relates to non-response objectives, i.e. short and long term environmental damage assessments (including recovery), purely scientific studies, and all post spill monitoring activities. The two-class monitoring nomenclature recognizes the very different objectives of Type I and Type II monitoring, and the methods, scope, and degree of scientific rigour required for each. These in turn, have a significant bearing on the cost of the monitoring, and who will pay for it. Currently, Type I monitoring costs are recovered in NZ and Australia from the spiller (or insurer) alongside other operational response costs. The handbook, formatted as a field pocket guide, provides specific guidance as to what may be considered “necessary” and “reasonable” Type I monitoring, as well as presenting guidelines for defining study objectives, spatial boundaries, monitoring parameters, sampling and assessment methods, study duration, logistics, design constraints (and solutions), resources, and termination criteria. Type II monitoring programs are usually not integral to the response, and funding is less well defined, so Type II monitoring is not specifically addressed in the Handbook. However, many of the Type I guidelines are also relevant for Type II studies. The Handbook is intended to provide responders with sufficient guidance to determine the type of information necessary for an operational spill response, and an overview of the methods commonly used to collect the information needed to reach defensible spill response decisions in an appropriate time frame, and with an acceptable level of accuracy. The Handbook is supported by a Background Paper describing the key issues to be considered in establishing a monitoring program.

Designing environmental monitoring for pulp mills in Australia

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Keough ◽  
B. D. Mapstone
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Pulp Mills ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Perceived Costs

We describe an approach to environmental monitoring that has been developed to deal with future pulp mills in Australia. We propose decision criteria that balance the chance of missing impacts and the chance of falsely accusing a proponent of environmental damage. Rather than focusing on either Type I or Type II statistical errors, we fix the ratio of the two error rates according to perceived costs of making each error. As monitoring is scaled up or down, risks of both errors rise and fall proportionately, in contrast to more traditional approaches, in which one error rate is fixed. We describe the steps necessary to implement a monitoring program using these criteria. Our emphasis is on guidelines that allow the flexibility to deal with monitoring a range of point source discharges in coastal environments that vary widely.

Life tables: construction and interpretation

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Owen R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Worked Examples ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Diversity Of Life

Life tables, which describe how the risk of death (and sometimes fertility) changes with age, are a fundamental tool for describing and exploring the diversity of life histories. Numerous important life history metrics can be derived from them. This chapter provides a broad coverage of life table construction and use and use with a particular focus on nonhuman animals. The calculation of life tables can be divided into approaches: cohort-based, where the data are obtained from individuals born at (approximately) the same time that are followed until death; and period-based, where the data are obtained from a population of mixed ages followed for a particular time-frame (e.g. a year). Worked examples of both approaches are provided using data from published sources. Emphasis is placed on understanding concepts such as rates vs. probability, life expectancy, and generation time. Links are drawn between the survivorship curve (type I, type II, and type III survivorship) and entropy. The chapter also covers the concept of the Lexis diagram which is used to represent births and deaths for individuals in different cohorts. Finally, the assumptions and limitations of life tables are discussed, with pointers to further reading. Code and data are provided.

An operational and scientific monitoring program (OSMP) for the Prelude and Ichthys fields: a case study from the Browse Basin

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
David Souter ◽  
Steve Rogers ◽  
Jamie Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Baseline Data ◽  
Australian Institute ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Gas Fields ◽  
Structured Approach

An OSMP is the principle tool for determining the extent, severity, and persistence of environmental impacts from an oil spill. The OSMP developed for the Shell Prelude and Inpex Ichthys gas fields has 13 operational monitoring programs (OMPs) and 12 scientific monitoring programs (SMPs) reflecting the complexity of the environment in which the developments are located. A partnership of organisations led by the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) will provide specialist expertise to help implement the OSMP. This unique multi-disciplinary partnership, comprising AIMS, CSIRO, University of Western Australia, Curtin University, WA ChemCentre, and Monash University, guarantees capability and capacity, reducing the level of risk incurred by individual organisations within the partnership. Fundamental to the success of any OSMP is the existence of adequate, fit-for-purpose baseline data against which post spill observations can be compared to determine the extent and severity of the spill and assess effectiveness of oil spill response. In addition, we believe adequate baselines with sufficient temporal resolution are essential for OSMP credibility and maintenance of the scientific reputations of partners. In committing capability to the OSMP implementation, AIMS and its partners have adopted a risk-based approach to assessing the adequacy of existing baseline data, to identify knowledge gaps, and assess the significance of those gaps and the feasibility of filling them. This extended abstract describes the structured approach taken to analyse the various risks and to develop a balanced suite of environmental baseline studies to address these risks.

Heat-Etching with a Bullivant Type II Simple Freeze-Cleave Device

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Weinstein ◽  
N. Scott McNutt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The University

The Type I simple cold block device was described by Bullivant and Ames in 1966 and represented the product of the first successful effort to simplify the equipment required to do sophisticated freeze-cleave techniques. Bullivant, Weinstein and Someda described the Type II device which is a modification of the Type I device and was developed as a collaborative effort at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The modifications reduced specimen contamination and provided controlled specimen warming for heat-etching of fracture faces. We have now tested the Mass. General Hospital version of the Type II device (called the “Type II-MGH device”) on a wide variety of biological specimens and have established temperature and pressure curves for routine heat-etching with the device.

Labelling of non-A, non-B hepatitis infected chimpanzee hepatocytes with nuclease-gold conjugates

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
G. D. Gagne ◽  
M. F. Miller ◽  
D. A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cellular Injury ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Infected Chimpanzee

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) or with delta agent hepatitis results in the appearance of characteristic cytoplasmic alterations in the hepatocytes. These alterations include spongelike inclusions (Type I), attached convoluted membranes (Type II), tubular structures (Type III), and microtubular aggregates (Type IV) (Fig. 1). Type I, II and III structures are, by association, believed to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum and may be morphogenetically related. Type IV structures are generally observed free in the cytoplasm but sometimes in the vicinity of type III structures. It is not known whether these structures are somehow involved in the replication and/or assembly of the putative NANB virus or whether they are simply nonspecific responses to cellular injury. When treated with uranyl acetate, type I, II and III structures stain intensely as if they might contain nucleic acids. If these structures do correspond to intermediates in the replication of a virus, one might expect them to contain DNA or RNA and the present study was undertaken to explore this possibility.

Comparative surface and ultrastructural views of methylotrophic bacteria by TEM, STEM, SE, and freeze-etch electron microscopy.

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 792-793
Author(s):  
T.A. Fassel ◽  
M.J. Schaller ◽  
M.E. Lidstrom ◽  
C.C. Remsen
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Methylotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Membrane Complex ◽  
Oxidation Of Methane ◽  
Methane Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Methylomonas Albus

Methylotrophic bacteria play an Important role in the environment in the oxidation of methane and methanol. Extensive intracytoplasmic membranes (ICM) have been associated with the oxidation processes in methylotrophs and chemolithotrophic bacteria. Classification on the basis of ICM arrangement distinguishes 2 types of methylotrophs. Bundles or vesicular stacks of ICM located away from the cytoplasmic membrane and extending into the cytoplasm are present in Type I methylotrophs. In Type II methylotrophs, the ICM form pairs of peripheral membranes located parallel to the cytoplasmic membrane. Complex cell wall structures of tightly packed cup-shaped subunits have been described in strains of marine and freshwater phototrophic sulfur bacteria and several strains of methane oxidizing bacteria. We examined the ultrastructure of the methylotrophs with particular view of the ICM and surface structural features, between representatives of the Type I Methylomonas albus (BG8), and Type II Methylosinus trichosporium (OB-36).

OPTICAL STUDIES OF TYPE I AND TYPE II RECOMBINATION IN GaAs-AlAs QUANTUM WELLS

1987 ◽  
Vol 48 (C5) ◽  
pp. C5-525-C5-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. MOORE ◽  
P. DAWSON ◽  
C. T. FOXON
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Wells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Optical Studies

An old friend is better than two new ones? Approaches to market research in the context of digital transformation for the antitrust laws enforcement

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Shastitko ◽  
O. A. Markova
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Market Definition ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Type Ii Errors

Digital transformation has led to changes in business models of traditional players in the existing markets. What is more, new entrants and new markets appeared, in particular platforms and multisided markets. The emergence and rapid development of platforms are caused primarily by the existence of so called indirect network externalities. Regarding to this, a question arises of whether the existing instruments of competition law enforcement and market analysis are still relevant when analyzing markets with digital platforms? This paper aims at discussing advantages and disadvantages of using various tools to define markets with platforms. In particular, we define the features of the SSNIP test when being applyed to markets with platforms. Furthermore, we analyze adjustment in tests for platform market definition in terms of possible type I and type II errors. All in all, it turns out that to reduce the likelihood of type I and type II errors while applying market definition technique to markets with platforms one should consider the type of platform analyzed: transaction platforms without pass-through and non-transaction matching platforms should be tackled as players in a multisided market, whereas non-transaction platforms should be analyzed as players in several interrelated markets. However, if the platform is allowed to adjust prices, there emerges additional challenge that the regulator and companies may manipulate the results of SSNIP test by applying different models of competition.

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