scholarly journals The Evolution and Implementation of Tiered Preparedness & Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 688567
Author(s):  
Paul Foley ◽  
Claudia Caetano ◽  
Lucy Bly ◽  
Andrew Nicoll ◽  
Rhys Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Response Effort ◽  
Aerial Surveillance ◽  
Time Element ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Trained Manpower ◽  
Response Capability

ABSTRACT Simply put, responders and planners define response capability in terms of “what it is”, “how much” and “by when”. The types of capability define the “what”, for example the ability to apply dispersant to a surface slick at sea or the ability to mount an aerial surveillance operation to track and monitor the oil (and the response effort) makes up the Toolbox that responders have at their disposal to mitigate impacts of an oil spill. The IPIECA Good Practice Guide on Tiered Preparedness and Response (TPR) recognises 15 such response capabilities that could be required for any given spill scenario and is a direct output from the Joint Industry Project on Oil Spill Response following the Macondo incident in 2010. The “how-much” introduces a quantification of the capability and it is important to recognise that capability is not just a physical measure of the hardware itself (i.e. “six skimmers”) but should include assumptions about the trained manpower to deploy, and the logistical support needed to fully enable the resource to be effective. “By-when” implies a time element that is critical in cascading remote resource effectively. It follows that some capability is required to be immediately available to enable a local response to be initiated quickly and effectively whilst other capabilities, usually only required for larger or more complex spills, can be introduced on a longer lead-time. To help visualise the dynamics of “what”, “how-much and “by-when”, the IPIECA Guide provides a simple model to illustrate the provision of response capability for any given oil spill risk in the form of a wheel with 15 segments representing each element of capability. Each segment is further divided to illustrate the three tiers of cascading capability (Tier 1, near the centre representing capability immediately available, Tier 2 showing intermediate capability, and Tier 3 around the periphery to indicate additional, possibly internationally-sourced capability that necessitates a longer lead time required for the largest or most complex spills.) Planners typically use the tool when matching resources to the identified risk, as it can usefully highlight any gaps that may exist in the provision of capability. This paper draws upon the experience of Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) in applying and using the Guide and the TPR wheel, both in planning and in response. Case history evidence will be used to illustrate the benefits and limitations of this industry-adopted planning and response approach.

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF POLLUTION RESPONSE EFFORT—BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER THE SPILL

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-191
Author(s):  
Darryle M. Waldron
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Response Effort ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Business Philosophy

ABSTRACT Oil spill response has evolved tremendously over the past 20 years in technology and technique, as well as in the social demand for a clean environment. The cost of response to a pollution incident has likewise grown at a time in which both federal and private funds are less available. Although the spiller may publicly claim he will clean up the spill no matter what the cost, cost becomes an issue as the bills start coming in. The purpose of this paper is to provoke consideration of the financial management of an oil spill response, not only to reduce costs, but to reduce confusion during the early days of a response. As in any type of emergency response, contingency planning is essential for success. Having designated, but flexible, procedures and plans in place before the spill will allow the experts to concentrate on mitigation instead of future litigation. The ideas presented here are based on experience in federal responses, common sense, basic financial management principles, and a business philosophy of integrity and efficiency.

NATIONAL DRILL OF THE VENEZUELAN OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLAN

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 (1) ◽  
pp. 513-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Villoria ◽  
Elia Gomez ◽  
Nelson García Tavel
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Contingency Plan ◽  
Field Response ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Response Organization ◽  
Evaluation Decision ◽  
Flow Charts ◽  
Intensive Work ◽  
The Given ◽  
Response Capability

ABSTRACT In November 1993, the first drill of the Venezuelan national oil spill contingency plan (VNCP) was carried out to evaluate both the response capability of the plan to cope with an emergency and the effectiveness of the regional response organization to manage the given scenario. During four days of intensive work, 800 participants, evaluators, and controllers of the drill made decisions and took actions to mobilize resources and pollution countermeasure equipment for cleanup operations. To measure the effectiveness of the response actions, 23 oil spill response processes were evaluated based on flow charts or decision trees designed for each process. In summary, the drill covered all areas related to response actions in the case of an oil spill (alert, notification, evaluation, decision-making, mobilization, field response, and postmortem), evaluating the ability of the VNCP to cope with a major emergency and identifying weaknesses in order to improve the response capability.

EFFECTIVELY MANAGING LEVEL OF EFFORT IN OIL SPILL CLEANUP: RESOLVING THE “HOW CLEAN IS CLEAN” ISSUE

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 (1) ◽  
pp. 663-666
Author(s):  
Peter A. Tebeau
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Response Effort ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Exxon Valdez ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Oil Spill Cleanup ◽  
Level Of Effort

ABSTRACT Successful oil spill response requires effectively managing the level of effort devoted to response operations. This includes choosing appropriate technologies and implementing them to achieve optimal environmental benefit, while controlling costs. At the end of the response, effective management requires resolving the “how clean is clean” issue to ensure a smooth termination of the response effort. Various approaches to making these management decisions are reviewed, based on experience in the Exxon Valdez, American Trader, and Morris J. Berman spills. The advantages and constraints of these approaches are summarized, along with suggestions about how the process might be facilitated.

HISTORICAL BUILDUP OF OIL SPILL RESPONSE CAPABILITY IN JAPAN

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Sakae Shirai
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Response Force ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Oil Boom ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
The Government ◽  
Prevention Law ◽  
Response Capability

ABSTRACT With the large oil spill that occurred in 1971 as an impetus, Japan's Maritime Pollution and Disaster Prevention Law was amended in 1973 and subsequently in 1976. The amendments required owners of vessels and petroleum facilities to retain designated quantities of oil boom, sorbent, dispersant, and other items to minimize impact from spills. A large oil spill caused by a ruptured crude oil storage tank in 1974 led to the enactment of additional legislation: the Petroleum Complex Disaster Prevention Law. Under this, petroleum facilities are required to maintain designated quantities of oil boom, oil boom deploying vessels, skimming boats, and the like. These legislative measures, together with voluntary efforts, have contributed to a sound buildup of the nation's oil spill response force. However, the response capability including stockpiled materials and equipment has been designed primarily to cope with incidents in closed waters such as inland seas, bays, and ports, and hence not for a oil spill in open seas as large as that from the Exxon Valdez. As one of the measures under the 1990 International Convention for Oil Spill Preparedness, Response and Cooperation, the Government of Japan has entrusted the Petroleum Association of Japan with an oil spill response capability reinforcement project to cope with a large oil spill should one occur in Japanese waters or nearby seas. Under the scheme, during the 5 year period beginning in 1991, the Petroleum Association of Japan is scheduled to build up, using subsidies from the government, stockpiles of cleanup equipment and materials and to augment the existing response capability.

Oil Spill Response Capability Building in China and Her Road Map

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 837-846
Author(s):  
Jin Xiang Cheng ◽  
Chun Chang Zhang ◽  
Hong Lei Xu ◽  
Shou Dong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Objective Response ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Capability Building ◽  
Total Investment ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
High Level ◽  
Response Capability

ABSTRACT In recent decades, China's strong economic development has brought higher risk of oil spill at sea from ships, oil exploration and land. Accordingly, China government has enacted some new laws and policies such as the compulsory requirements on certain ships calling Chinese ports enter into a preparedness and response contract with a pre-approved response organization, up to now, there are already 137 private oil spill response organizations along the coastline. Also, the port operators are required to invest on oil spill response equipments depending on the result of risk assessment. At the same time, the central government has invested more 20 stockpiles along the sea port and Yangzi River. Nowadays, the amount of clean-up equipments has reached to a historical high level, and the total investment in recent three years is near ten times more than those ten years ago. Therefore, scientific evaluation of the risk and its spatial distribution of oil spill, and development of the reasonable and effective oil spill response capability planning, are the major demands for marine environmental risk management in China. To solve the issues above, a model with oil spill risk evaluation and multi-objective response resources layout is proposed for multi–sources risk. Hopefully, the model will be used to develop the national plan for National Contingency Plan for oil spill capability building in China.

CANADA SHIPPING ACT PLANNING GUIDELINES: EQUIPMENT FOR A 2500-TON RESPONSE CAPABILITY

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 (1) ◽  
pp. 439-442
Author(s):  
Todd Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Case History ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
End User ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Practical Standpoint ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Equipment Component ◽  
Response Capability

ABSTRACT This paper presents a discussion of oil spill equipment selection from a practical standpoint. The specification of effective oil spill equipment is often a difficult task because of the wide array of commercially produced goods available to the end user. In addition, in various countries there exists little or no framework legislation that quantifies the equipment component in practical terms. This paper attests to the usefulness of the new Canada Shipping Act guidelines for the purposes of planning the equipment requirements for a predetermined potential spill quantity. Through the elaboration of a case history, it presents the development of an integrated 2500-ton oil spill response capability. Since response organizations under the new Canada Shipping Act regime are in effect commercial ventures rather than simply oil spill cooperatives, innovative and cost-effective solutions are necessary to maintain capital costs at a minimum. Although the equipment in the case history was commissioned directly as a response to the new Canadian standards, the important planning principles can be applied to any geographical region.

WORKER SAFETY AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 (1) ◽  
pp. 945-946
Author(s):  
Jonathan K. Waldron
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Response Effort ◽  
Emergency Operations ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Hazardous Waste Disposal ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
And Training

ABSTRACT The current worker safety requirements focus primarily on land-based hazardous waste disposal sites and emergency operations at land sites. It is often difficult to interpret the application of these requirements in the context of marine-related oil spill response operations. Overlapping governmental jurisdictions can cause problems associated with worker safety activities and suggestions relating to the application of safety requirements to persons who may become involved with a response effort are offered.

THE APPLICATION OF EXISTING OIL SPILL ABATEMENT EQUIPMENT TO COLD REGIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-311
Author(s):  
L. A. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Temporary Storage ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Limited Degree ◽  
Functional Areas ◽  
Response Capability

ABSTRACT The increased interest in, and development of, arctic petroleum resources has increased correspondingly the potential for oil spills in cold regions. A recently completed survey of cold regions oil spill mitigation technology included a cursory determination of the applicability of presently available means to the problems of detection, containment, recovery, temporary storage, and disposal of oil spilled in cold regions. For purposes of the study, cold regions were characterized by the existence of low temperatures and the presence of ice in its many forms. The evaluations were based upon the experience of the authors in conducting other cold regions laboratory and field programs, and the experiences of others in cold regions as reported in the technical literature. This survey revealed that, while a very limited degree of oil spill response capability is available for use in cold regions based upon using the techniques and equipment currently employed in warmer climates, a great deal of development work must be undertaken before a total cold regions oil spill response capability will be available. Current technology falls far short of the desired capability in all functional areas including remote sensing, containment, recovery, temporary storage, and disposal.

Contingency planning for oil spills on water. Good Practice Guidelines for the Development of an Effective Spill Response Capability. IPIECA-OGP Good Practice Guide Series, Oil Spill Response Joint Industry Project (OSR-JIP). OGP Report Number 526

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 2017312
Author(s):  
Lauren Glushik
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Response Capability

This recently published IPIECA-OGP good practice guidance updates and replaces the long-standing IPIECA oil spill report series on contingency planning for oil spills on water. It provides a comprehensive and modern tool for designing an appropriate and justified spill response capability that is in compliance with the regulatory framework and commensurate with the oil spill risks of an organization. The guidance seeks to align industry practices, inform stakeholders, and serve as a communication tool to promote awareness and education. It presents an integrated approach to contingency planning, which stresses the importance of all the various inputs and considerations, and how they interconnect. The planning process is illustrated in nine steps. To begin, the assets and operations to be included in the planning scope should be clearly defined. Next, a thorough review of the regulatory framework is required, along with a determination of the relevant stakeholders and a plan for their involvement, as appropriate. The process continues with a structured approach for designing a capability specific to the unique needs of an organization, and the jurisdiction and community within which it operates. Planners proceed by assessing the risks within the planning scope and selecting representative scenarios. The scenarios are then analyzed to determine a tiered response capability. Following this, planners should compile the information into effective plans and thorough documentation. As the response capability is implemented, it should be verified to confirm it is achievable and meets the desired level of preparedness. Lastly, a reliable system of review and maintenance will ensure the planning remains relevant and appropriate to the level of risk as an organization matures or evolves. This is a cyclical process that should remain active over the lifetime of an operation. The degree of complexity involved will greatly depend on the type of operation, local conditions, and environmental and socio-economic sensitivities. However, the overall objective of contingency planning will always be to develop a capability to effectively react to a spill and sustain an ongoing response, which is proportionate to the risk. This capability requires suitable equipment, sufficient logistics, and competent, trained responders supported by proven, exercised plans.

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