Contingency planning for oil spills on water. Good Practice Guidelines for the Development of an Effective Spill Response Capability. IPIECA-OGP Good Practice Guide Series, Oil Spill Response Joint Industry Project (OSR-JIP). OGP Report Number 526

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 2017312
Author(s):  
Lauren Glushik
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Response Capability

This recently published IPIECA-OGP good practice guidance updates and replaces the long-standing IPIECA oil spill report series on contingency planning for oil spills on water. It provides a comprehensive and modern tool for designing an appropriate and justified spill response capability that is in compliance with the regulatory framework and commensurate with the oil spill risks of an organization. The guidance seeks to align industry practices, inform stakeholders, and serve as a communication tool to promote awareness and education. It presents an integrated approach to contingency planning, which stresses the importance of all the various inputs and considerations, and how they interconnect. The planning process is illustrated in nine steps. To begin, the assets and operations to be included in the planning scope should be clearly defined. Next, a thorough review of the regulatory framework is required, along with a determination of the relevant stakeholders and a plan for their involvement, as appropriate. The process continues with a structured approach for designing a capability specific to the unique needs of an organization, and the jurisdiction and community within which it operates. Planners proceed by assessing the risks within the planning scope and selecting representative scenarios. The scenarios are then analyzed to determine a tiered response capability. Following this, planners should compile the information into effective plans and thorough documentation. As the response capability is implemented, it should be verified to confirm it is achievable and meets the desired level of preparedness. Lastly, a reliable system of review and maintenance will ensure the planning remains relevant and appropriate to the level of risk as an organization matures or evolves. This is a cyclical process that should remain active over the lifetime of an operation. The degree of complexity involved will greatly depend on the type of operation, local conditions, and environmental and socio-economic sensitivities. However, the overall objective of contingency planning will always be to develop a capability to effectively react to a spill and sustain an ongoing response, which is proportionate to the risk. This capability requires suitable equipment, sufficient logistics, and competent, trained responders supported by proven, exercised plans.

UNNECESSARILY NEGLECTED IN PLANNING: ILLUSTRATION OF A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO IDENTIFY HUMAN DIMENSION IMPACTS OF MARINE OIL SPILLS

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 1250012 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIENNE LORD ◽  
SETH TULER ◽  
THOMAS WEBLER ◽  
KIRSTIN DOW
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Human Dimension ◽  
Contingency Plans ◽  
Negative Impacts

Technological hazards research, including that on oil spills and their aftermath, is giving greater attention to human dimension impacts resulting from events and response. While oil spill contingency planners recognize the importance of human dimension impacts, little systematic attention is given to them in contingency plans. We introduce an approach to identifying human dimensions impacts using concepts from hazard and vulnerability assessment and apply it to the Bouchard-120 oil spill in Buzzards Bay, MA. Our assessment covers the spill, emergency response, clean-up, damage assessment, and mid-term recovery. This approach, while still exploratory, did demonstrate that the spill produced a range of positive and negative impacts on people and institutions and that these were mediated by vulnerabilities. We suggest ways in which the framework may help spill managers to learn from events and improve contingency planning by anticipating risks to social systems and identifying strategies to reduce impacts.

Contingency Planning for Oil Spills: An Update Based on Experience Gained from the Port Angeles Spill

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 145-159
Author(s):  
Robert A. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Contingency Plan ◽  
Contingency Plans

Although the best method for handling an oil spill is to prevent its occurrence, the risk of a significant oil spill, from either a tank or other vessel, is always present. When a spill does occur, a good spill contingency plan will help to limit the adverse effects of the spill. This paper discusses the contents and development of Spill Contingency Plans, with emphasis on experience gained during the cleanup of the Port Angeles spill. Information pertinent to and details from ARCO Marine Inc.'s Spill Contingency Plan have been included to aid interested parties in their endeavors to develop suitable contingency plans.

CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR OFFSHORE OIL SPILLS

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
G. N. Keith
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Contingency Plan ◽  
Oil Spillage ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Offshore Oil

The incidence of oil spillage from offshore exploration and production activities is comparatively low but the Santa Barbara and Chevron blowouts remind us of what can happen.There are two things each operator can do to help ensure he is prepared in the event of an emergency. First, a comprehensive inhouse contingency plan should be prepared before commencing operations in an area. The plan will ensure that adequate first-aid measures are on hand at all times and will go on to list the location and availability of additional assistance both in equipment and manpower.Second, the operator should be prepared to participate in the oil industry's National Oil Spills Action Plan. This plan is designed to ensure that the entire resources of the industry can be made available and effectively co-ordinated to combat an oil spill anywhere on the coast of Australia.

THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTINGENCY MEASURES IN DETERMINING OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT

1981 ◽  
Vol 1981 (1) ◽  
pp. 571-575
Author(s):  
Raymond R. Emerson
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Outer Continental Shelf ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Oil And Gas Development ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT Oil spills are one of the major concerns associated with oil and gas development along the outer continental shelf. The U.S. Department of the Interior is presently planning lease sales at the rate of seven per year. Many of these leases are being proposed in areas where the risks associated with oil spills are difficult to assess. The major objective of the decisionmakers in this process is to select a leasing plan from the list of proposed blocks that will offer the maximum production potential within an acceptable level of environmental risk. This objective can be obtained with proper contingency planning which should include site-specific designs. A proposed leasing plan could be limited in its production potential by the habitats more vunerable to a potential oil spill. These areas are identified using a model system developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. In this model, the local meteorology and physical oceanography are coupled to produce trajectories of hypothetical oil spills. These trajectories, along with oil resource estimates, are used to establish overall probabilities of an oil spill contacting specific coastal areas and habitats. Using linear programming techniques, the blocks that can yield the maximum resource recovery within specified limits of environmental risk are identified. Site-specific contingency measures (such as stockpiles of cleanup equipment) concentrated at the more vulnerable habitats will allow the decisionmaker to accept a higher level of environmental risk and significantly increase the number of blocks that are suitable for leasing. A proposed lease sale area for the northeast Gulf of Alaska is used to demonstrate the importance of contingency planning in determining various levels of offshore oil and gas resource development.

PLANNING THE LOGISTICS ISSUES TO ENHANCE OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING AND RESPONSE1

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-289
Author(s):  
Sioned Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Contingency Plan ◽  
Considerable Advantage ◽  
Contingency Plans ◽  
Key Features

ABSTRACT Generic, broad-brushed Oil Spill Contingency Plans (OSCP) have given way to more operationally-focused and systematic, site-specific plans. These newer plans offer considerable advantage as planning and response tools to initiate and support the deployment of equipment on-site. However, significant logistical features are still often overlooked in the planning process, which both exercises and real incidents have demonstrated. These omissions can seriously impede rapid and effective responses. This paper reviews the logistical issues of various recent incidents and demonstrates the key features that should be considered at the contingency planning stage. Options for drop-in elements in an oil spill contingency plan, or a separate logistics plan, are also presented.

PLANNING AND EXERCISING FOR SUCCESS: THE FOUR-STEP, SCENARIO-BASED PROCESS1

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Gary L. Ott ◽  
LCDR David C. Stalfort
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Team Building ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Incident Command ◽  
Organizational Problem ◽  
Response Organization

ABSTRACT “No two spills are alike” is an important maxim in oil spill response that requires planners and responders alike to remain adaptable in their thinking regarding response actions. The majority of oil spills are small and can usually be addressed adequately within the confines of a rigid response management system. However, a large spill is not simply a “scaling up” of a routine, small spill. Large spills require input from many more stakeholders, public outrage is intensified, and often difficult decisions on environmental, economic, and emotional tradeoffs are necessary. As a result, a catastrophic spill requires responders to have more than the equipment-focused organizational skills that are satisfactory during routine spills. Complex spills require responders to have advanced interpersonal skills such as team building, risk communication, and organizational problem solving. It is very difficult, however, to evaluate the responder's grasp of these skills and ability to implement them, even though these skills are so critical to the success of a large spill response. The skills that often ensure success for small, frequently occurring spills are not the only skills required for success in a large, complex spill incident. On the federal level, the area contingency planning process was established to plan for, respond to, and evaluate the adequacy of response capability in a given area. Currently, area contingency plans consist primarily of boiler-plate language, reference materials such as lists of resources, notification procedures, and general incident command system information, all written to satisfy the format required by the guidelines (U.S. Coast Guard, 1992). What is usually missing, however, is a useful discussion by the area committee on how responders might work together to solve problems and on detailed “how to” strategies for preventing a bad situation from getting worse. As a result, the requirement that there be an “assessment of the effectiveness of the plan” (Public Law 101-380, 1990 and 1992) may not be able to take into account an evaluation of the problem-solving and communications skills of the response organization, which is necessary for both the public perception and the reality of a successful complex spill response. Our objective is to demonstrate how a four-step, scenario-based approach to training, contingency planning, and exercises can improve the response management system's (RMS) performance and ability to succeed. If the area committee is trained with an outward focus on stakeholder needs, develops a scenario-based contingency plan with its stakeholders, and exercises its response organization using these scenario-based processes, it will improve the effectiveness of a response to a major, complex spill.

CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR OIL SPILLS: RIVERSPILL—A RIVER SIMULATION MODEL

1979 ◽  
Vol 1979 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demos T. Tsahalis
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Specific Region ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Accidental Discharge ◽  
Lower Mississippi River ◽  
Stochastic Mode ◽  
Good Agreement

ABSTRACT A simulation model, Riverspill, has been developed for the prediction of transport, spreading, and associated land contamination of oil spills on rivers. The effects of volume and type of oil, use of Oil Herder® or not, type, location, and time of occurrence of the oil spill, geometry and hydrographic characteristics of the river and wind speed and direction are taken into account. The model is capable of operating in either deterministic or stochastic mode. When the model is used in the deterministic mode, it predicts the path and associated land contamination of a specific oil spill as a function of time. When the model is used in the stochastic mode, it estimates the probability that an oil spill will be transported into a specific region after an accidental discharge within another specified region. In the present study the model is specifically applied to the lower Mississippi River. However, the model is general and can be applied to any river. The predictions of the model are in very good agreement with the observed behavior of actual oil spills on the Mississippi River.

The Oil Pollution act of 1990: Key Provisions and Implications

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 (1) ◽  
pp. 695-697
Author(s):  
David M. Bovet ◽  
Charles R. Corbett
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Financial Responsibility ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Oil Transportation ◽  
National Response ◽  
New Construction

ABSTRACT The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 establishes a system of oil spill liability, compensation and financial responsibility at levels not contemplated prior to the Exxon Valdez incident. Furthermore, it does so while preserving states’ prerogatives and rejects the international solution embodied in the 1984 Protocols to the 1969 Civil Liability and 1971 Fund Conventions. The act requires new contingency planning by both industry and government and sets new construction, manning, and licensing requirements. It increases penalties, broadens enforcement responsibilities of the federal government, and enhances states’ participation in the national response program. It also establishes a billion dollar federal trust fund to supplement the liability of responsible parties. The act is likely to result in safer tanker operations and to reduce the threat of oil spills in U.S. waters. These environmental improvements will be paid for by U.S. oil consumers. Other implications include the following:Reassessment of involvement in U.S. oil transportation by both independents and oil majorsEnhanced preparedness by responsible partiesA gradual rise in freight ratesCorporate restructuring to shield liabilityFewer small oil companies and independent carriers in U.S. tradesPotential disruptions linked to new certificates of financial responsibilityPotential shortages of Alaskan trade tonnageHeightened presence of state governments in oil spill incidents, oil spill legislation, and enforcement

THE APPLICATION OF EXISTING OIL SPILL ABATEMENT EQUIPMENT TO COLD REGIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-311
Author(s):  
L. A. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Temporary Storage ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Limited Degree ◽  
Functional Areas ◽  
Response Capability

ABSTRACT The increased interest in, and development of, arctic petroleum resources has increased correspondingly the potential for oil spills in cold regions. A recently completed survey of cold regions oil spill mitigation technology included a cursory determination of the applicability of presently available means to the problems of detection, containment, recovery, temporary storage, and disposal of oil spilled in cold regions. For purposes of the study, cold regions were characterized by the existence of low temperatures and the presence of ice in its many forms. The evaluations were based upon the experience of the authors in conducting other cold regions laboratory and field programs, and the experiences of others in cold regions as reported in the technical literature. This survey revealed that, while a very limited degree of oil spill response capability is available for use in cold regions based upon using the techniques and equipment currently employed in warmer climates, a great deal of development work must be undertaken before a total cold regions oil spill response capability will be available. Current technology falls far short of the desired capability in all functional areas including remote sensing, containment, recovery, temporary storage, and disposal.

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