scholarly journals Current Status of Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for Different Traits and Marker Assisted Breeding in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) – A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Aswini Nunavath ◽  
Venkatraman Hegde ◽  
K. Gopala Krishna Murthy ◽  
V. Venkanna
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Advanced Backcross

Chickpea is one of the most important pulse crops having estimated genome size of 738 Mb. The crop is affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses causing significant yield reduction. During the recent past, some biotic stresses like fusarium wilt, ascochyta blight, botrytis grey mould and abiotic stresses like drought, heat and salinity were found to reduce the productivity, thereafter, these demands for development of high yielding early maturing chickpea varieties with resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Due to the advent of molecular techniques and availability of highly polymorphic and co-dominant microsatellite and other molecular markers, development of genetic maps for chickpea has progressed significantly. Molecular markers are now considered better than morphological and physiological characters for being stable, unaffected by environmental influences and easily detectable irrespective of their growth and development stages. The mapping of genes / QTLs for various traits like flowering time, yield and yield related traits, resistance to fusarium wilt, ascochyta blight, BGM, drought, salinity, heat may be useful in developing improved varieties of chickpea besides deeper understanding of genetics underlying the inheritance of the characters. The knowledge on mapped genes / QTLs for various traits of interest could help in integration of genomics-assisted breeding through various approaches like Marker Assisted Back Crossing, introgression of superior alleles from wild species through Advanced Backcross QTL, Marker Assisted Recurrent Selection and Genome Wide Selection for improving chickpea.

Overcoming biotic and abiotic stresses in the Solanaceae through grafting: current status and future perspectives

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D.H. Keatinge ◽  
L.-J. Lin ◽  
A.W. Ebert ◽  
W.Y. Chen ◽  
J.d'A. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses

scholarly journals Molecular tools for identification and classification of Myxozoan parasites (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) in India: Current status

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Abhishek Gupta ◽  
Anshu Chaudhary ◽  
Anju Tyagi ◽  
Bindu Sharma ◽  
Hridaya S. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Molecular Taxonomy ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
Molecular Tools

A substantial literature on myxosporea has been published to date using morphological characters and specificity of host tissue. Currently, there are some 2400 nominal species of myxosporea classified to 17 families and 64 genera. Approximately 300 species have been described from India and most of them have been described solely on the basis of morphological characteristics. Molecular markers like small subunit ribosomal (SSU) and large subunit ribosomal (LSU) DNA have been used worldwide for the identification and validation of fish myxosporeans. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on SSU rDNA sequences was used to study the phylogenetic relationship among myxosporeans infecting Indian fishes. Myxospore phylogenies disagree with traditional spore-based classification systems, probably due to extreme plasticity in myxospores morphologies that have resulted in extensive convergence. Morphological similarities exist among myxosporea that encounter several problems in categorizing them. That’s why present-day research has shifted to molecular techniques for identification and correct systematics of myxosporeans. Molecular studies of myxozoans in India are still scarce and in infancy. To address persisting taxonomic and phylogenetic discrepancies, validation of these species by molecular tools is needed, because earlier species were reported only on the basis of morphological data. Therefore, the present study has summarized existing molecular data and current status of molecular taxonomy of myxosporeans parasitizing fresh and marine water fishes of India along with the approaches of myxozoan phylogenetics and information about the molecular markers, their interpretation in the identification of myxozoans parasitizing fishes.

scholarly journals Sugarcane Omics: An Update on the Current Status of Research and Crop Improvement

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ali ◽  
Mehran Khan ◽  
Rahat Sharif ◽  
Muhammad Mujtaba ◽  
San-Ji Gao
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses

Sugarcane is an important crop from Poaceae family, contributing about 80% of the total world’s sucrose with an annual value of around US$150 billion. In addition, sugarcane is utilized as a raw material for the production of bioethanol, which is an alternate source of renewable energy. Moving towards sugarcane omics, a remarkable success has been achieved in gene transfer from a wide variety of plant and non-plant sources to sugarcane, with the accessibility of efficient transformation systems, selectable marker genes, and genetic engineering gears. Genetic engineering techniques make possible to clone and characterize useful genes and also to improve commercially important traits in elite sugarcane clones that subsequently lead to the development of an ideal cultivar. Sugarcane is a complex polyploidy crop, and hence no single technique has been found to be the best for the confirmation of polygenic and phenotypic characteristics. To better understand the application of basic omics in sugarcane regarding agronomic characters and industrial quality traits as well as responses to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses, it is important to explore the physiology, genome structure, functional integrity, and collinearity of sugarcane with other more or less similar crops/plants. Genetic improvements in this crop are hampered by its complex genome, low fertility ratio, longer production cycle, and susceptibility to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Biotechnology interventions are expected to pave the way for addressing these obstacles and improving sugarcane crop. Thus, this review article highlights up to date information with respect to how advanced data of omics (genomics, transcriptomic, proteomics and metabolomics) can be employed to improve sugarcane crops.

scholarly journals Tuning Beforehand: A Foresight on RNA Interference (RNAi) and In Vitro-Derived dsRNAs to Enhance Crop Resilience to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7687
Author(s):  
Eltayb Abdellatef ◽  
Nasrein Mohamed Kamal ◽  
Hisashi Tsujimoto
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Rnai Technology ◽  
Micro Rnas

Crop yield is severely affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants adapt to these stresses mainly through gene expression reprogramming at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Recently, the exogenous application of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) and RNA interference (RNAi) technology has emerged as a sustainable and publicly acceptable alternative to genetic transformation, hence, small RNAs (micro-RNAs and small interfering RNAs) have an important role in combating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. RNAi limits the transcript level by either suppressing transcription (transcriptional gene silencing) or activating sequence-specific RNA degradation (post-transcriptional gene silencing). Using RNAi tools and their respective targets in abiotic stress responses in many crops is well documented. Many miRNAs families are reported in plant tolerance response or adaptation to drought, salinity, and temperature stresses. In biotic stress, the spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) provides an intelligent method of using dsRNA as a trigger to silence target genes in pests and pathogens without producing side effects such as those caused by chemical pesticides. In this review, we focus on the potential of SIGS as the most recent application of RNAi in agriculture and point out the trends, challenges, and risks of production technologies. Additionally, we provide insights into the potential applications of exogenous RNAi against biotic stresses. We also review the current status of RNAi/miRNA tools and their respective targets on abiotic stress and the most common responsive miRNA families triggered by stress conditions in different crop species.

Trichoderma as an efficacious bioagent for combating biotic and abiotic stresses of wheat-A review

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. P. Gangwar ◽  
Akanksha P.K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Attainable Yield

Several environmental stresses are the major hindrances in achieving the attainable yield in wheat crop. The actual losses due to biotic stresses is estimated in the range of 26-29%, however, abiotic stresses have more adverse effects on crop yield and are responsible for about 70% of yield reduction worldwide. Agrochemicals are widely considered as an effective management strategy for wheat crop diseases and insect pests but they adversely affect the human and animal health due to accumulation of chemical residues in the soil, plant tissues and grains. Hence, there is a need for alternate management strategies to protect crop plants against various stresses. Species of the genus Trichoderma are economically important as biocontrol agents, serving as a potential alternative to agrochemicals for overcoming the biotic and abiotic stresses. The importance of Trichoderma in alleviating the myriad of biotic and abiotic stresses of wheat is discussed in this review article.

scholarly journals Short Communication: Morphology and genetic characteristics of potential citrus rootstock in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farida Yulianti ◽  
AFIFUDDIN LATIF ADIREDJO ◽  
LITA SOETOPO ◽  
SUMERU ASHARI
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Dna Polymorphisms ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Tree Shape ◽  
Citrus Rootstock

Abstract. Yulianti F, Adiredjo AL, Soetopo L, Ashari S. 2020. Short Communication: Morphology and genetic characteristics of potential citrus rootstock in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5514-5520. Study on variability among the citrus rootstock genotypes is very important to classify and utilize citrus germplasm resources. The genetic variability would greatly assist the breeders in genotypes identification to develop database and maintain the germplasm repositories in Indonesia. It would also be helpful for stakeholders to choose the right rootstock. The aim of the study was to identify the morphology and genetic variability among three potential citrus rootstocks in Indonesia. Morphological and molecular techniques were used to characterize three citrus rootstocks potential in Indonesia. Characteristics of plant, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, and genomic DNA polymorphisms were used to characterize three potential citrus rootstocks (Japansche citroen (JC), Citrumelo and Kanci).  Morphological characterizations were based on Descriptors for Citrus (IPGRI 1999). Genetic variabilities were conducted using seven specific markers for biotic and abiotic stresses (VP, CMA, PIP1a, PIP1b, PIP2, osmotin, and Y65). The important characters of citrus rootstock for growers were tree shape, tree growth habit, number of seed, seed polyembryony, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. JC has spheroid tree shape with spreading growth habit, while Citrumelo and Kanci have ellipsoid tree shape with erect growth habit. These characters may influence scion vigor and size. All of rootstocks observed have high number of seed and polyembryony. These rootstocks amplified PIPs and osmotin markers and could not amplify VP, CMA, and Y65 marker. These plants thought to have the characteristic of tolerance to drought stress with formation of aquaporin and osmotin but susceptible to salinity and Citrus tristeza virus.

Current status and future strategy in breeding chickpea for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Euphytica ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 73 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 137-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Singh ◽  
R. S. Malhotra ◽  
M. H. Halila ◽  
E. J. Knights ◽  
M. M. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Future Strategy
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