Trichoderma as an efficacious bioagent for combating biotic and abiotic stresses of wheat-A review

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. P. Gangwar ◽  
Akanksha P.K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Attainable Yield

Several environmental stresses are the major hindrances in achieving the attainable yield in wheat crop. The actual losses due to biotic stresses is estimated in the range of 26-29%, however, abiotic stresses have more adverse effects on crop yield and are responsible for about 70% of yield reduction worldwide. Agrochemicals are widely considered as an effective management strategy for wheat crop diseases and insect pests but they adversely affect the human and animal health due to accumulation of chemical residues in the soil, plant tissues and grains. Hence, there is a need for alternate management strategies to protect crop plants against various stresses. Species of the genus Trichoderma are economically important as biocontrol agents, serving as a potential alternative to agrochemicals for overcoming the biotic and abiotic stresses. The importance of Trichoderma in alleviating the myriad of biotic and abiotic stresses of wheat is discussed in this review article.

scholarly journals Potential applications of biogenic selenium nanoparticles in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants: A comprehensive insight on the mechanistic approach and future perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 456-475
Author(s):  
Efat Zohra ◽  
Muhammad Ikram ◽  
Ahmad A. Omar ◽  
Mujahid Hussain ◽  
Seema Hassan Satti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Selenium Nanoparticles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Developmental Growth ◽  
Potential Applications

Abstract In the present era, due to the increasing incidence of environmental stresses worldwide, the developmental growth and production of agriculture crops may be restrained. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have precedence over other nanoparticles because of the significant role of selenium in activating the defense system of plants. In addition to beneficial microorganisms, the use of biogenic SeNPs is known as an environmentally friendly and ecologically biocompatible approach to enhance crop production by alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses. This review provides the latest development in the green synthesis of SeNPs by using the results of plant secondary metabolites in the biogenesis of nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes with unique morphologies. Unfortunately, green synthesized SeNPs failed to achieve significant attention in the agriculture sector. However, research studies were performed to explore the application potential of plant-based SeNPs in alleviating drought, salinity, heavy metal, heat stresses, and bacterial and fungal diseases in plants. This review also explains the mechanistic actions that the biogenic SeNPs acquire to alleviate biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. In this review article, the future research that needs to use plant-mediated SeNPs under the conditions of abiotic and biotic stresses are also highlighted.

scholarly journals Host Preference, Mode of Damage and Succession of Major Insect Pests of Brinjal

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Saifullah Omar Nasif ◽  
Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Damage Pattern ◽  
Fruit Borer

Brinjal is one of the most popular solanaceous vegetables worldwide because of its nutritive and nutraceutical values. In recent decades, brinjal cultivation has been experiencing increased biotic and abiotic stresses due to the climate changes, which had affected the cultivation practices, growers’ profit and consumers’ choice to a larger extent. Amongst different insect pests, brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) is the major one causing significant reduction in economic yield followed by epilachna beetle, aphid, jassid and whitefly. On the other hand, proper knowledge on nature of damage, host preference, and seasonal abundance of insect pests is a pre-requisite for development and deployment of an appropriate, effective and timely management strategy against the pests.  A pool of literatures on host preferences, damage pattern and succession of major insect pests of brinjal has been reviewed and presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Yield enhancement of chilli through integrated crop management in Kalaburagi district of Karnataka, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 907-909
Author(s):  
Raju Raju ◽  
G. Teggelli ◽  
Siddappa Siddappa ◽  
Zaheer Ahamad ◽  
Anand Naik
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Integrated Crop Management ◽  
Farmer Practices

One of the major reasons of low productivity in chilli is the lack of technical knowledge of the farmers about judicious and timely implementation of the management strategies against the major biotic stresses (insect pests and diseases) which ultimately reduce its return. Considering the integrated crop management on need based plant protection in vegetables was conducted in farmer’s fields at different villages of the Kalaburagi district, under northern part of Karnataka, during the period from 2011-12 to 2013-14 show the productivity potential and profitability of improved technologies. The results showed that, on an average the highest yield achieved by adopting integrated crop management was 260.17 quintals ha-1, whereas the corresponding yield ranged under farmer’s practices was to 235.243 quintals ha-1 of green chillies. Adoption of integrated crop management will increase the yield 10.56% over farmer practices. The average technological gap, extension gap and technological index were noticed 139.83 quintals ha-1, 24.92 quintals ha-1 and 34.95 % respectively. The economics of data indicated that an average of Rs. 1,64,500 ha-1 was recorded net profit under recommended practices while it was Rs 129976.7 ha-1 under farmer practices. Cost benefit ratio was 3.07 under demonstration, while it was 2.35 under farmer practices. Practicing of integrated crop management with improved technologies will improve the farmer socio-economical level.

scholarly journals Genome-wide analysis of the WRKY gene family in the cucumber genome and transcriptome-wide identification of WRKY transcription factors that respond to biotic and abiotic stresses

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunhua Chen ◽  
Xueqian Chen ◽  
Jing Han ◽  
Wenli Lu ◽  
Zhonghai Ren
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Wrky Transcription Factors ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Cucumber Genome

Abstract Background Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an economically important vegetable crop species. However, it is susceptible to various abiotic and biotic stresses. WRKY transcription factors play important roles in plant growth and development, particularly in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known about the expression pattern of WRKY genes under different stresses in cucumber. Results In the present study, an analysis of the new assembly of the cucumber genome (v3.0) allowed the identification of 61 cucumber WRKY genes. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses were performed using related species to investigate the evolution of the cucumber WRKY genes. The 61 CsWRKYs were classified into three main groups, within which the gene structure and motif compositions were conserved. Tissue expression profiles of the WRKY genes demonstrated that 24 CsWRKY genes showed constitutive expression (FPKM > 1 in all samples), and some WRKY genes showed organ-specific expression, suggesting that these WRKYs might be important for plant growth and organ development in cucumber. Importantly, analysis of the CsWRKY gene expression patterns revealed that five CsWRKY genes strongly responded to both salt and heat stresses, 12 genes were observed to be expressed in response to infection from downy mildew and powdery mildew, and three CsWRKY genes simultaneously responded to all treatments analysed. Some CsWRKY genes were observed to be induced/repressed at different times after abiotic or biotic stress treatment, demonstrating that cucumber WRKY genes might play different roles during different stress responses and that their expression patterns vary in response to stresses. Conclusions Sixty-one WRKY genes were identified in cucumber, and insight into their classification, evolution, and expression patterns was gained in this study. Responses to different abiotic and biotic stresses in cucumber were also investigated. Our results provide a better understanding of the function of CsWRKY genes in improving abiotic and biotic stress resistance in cucumber.

scholarly journals Induced Genetic Variations in Fruit Trees Using New Breeding Tools: Food Security and Climate Resilience

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1347
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naeem Sattar ◽  
Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Jameel M. Al-Khayri ◽  
S. Mohan Jain
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Parthenocarpic Fruit ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Fruit trees provide essential nutrients to humans by contributing to major agricultural outputs and economic growth globally. However, major constraints to sustainable agricultural productivity are the uncontrolled proliferation of the population, and biotic and abiotic stresses. Tree mutation breeding has been substantially improved using different physical and chemical mutagens. Nonetheless, tree plant breeding has certain crucial bottlenecks including a long life cycle, ploidy level, occurrence of sequence polymorphisms, nature of parthenocarpic fruit development and linkage. Genetic engineering of trees has focused on boosting quality traits such as productivity, wood quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recent technological advances in genome editing provide a unique opportunity for the genetic improvement of woody plants. This review examines application of the CRISPR-Cas system to reduce disease susceptibility, alter plant architecture, enhance fruit quality, and improve yields. Examples are discussed of the contemporary CRISPR-Cas system to engineer easily scorable PDS genes, modify lignin, and to alter the flowering onset, fertility, tree architecture and certain biotic stresses.

scholarly journals Current Status of Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for Different Traits and Marker Assisted Breeding in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) – A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Aswini Nunavath ◽  
Venkatraman Hegde ◽  
K. Gopala Krishna Murthy ◽  
V. Venkanna
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Advanced Backcross

Chickpea is one of the most important pulse crops having estimated genome size of 738 Mb. The crop is affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses causing significant yield reduction. During the recent past, some biotic stresses like fusarium wilt, ascochyta blight, botrytis grey mould and abiotic stresses like drought, heat and salinity were found to reduce the productivity, thereafter, these demands for development of high yielding early maturing chickpea varieties with resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Due to the advent of molecular techniques and availability of highly polymorphic and co-dominant microsatellite and other molecular markers, development of genetic maps for chickpea has progressed significantly. Molecular markers are now considered better than morphological and physiological characters for being stable, unaffected by environmental influences and easily detectable irrespective of their growth and development stages. The mapping of genes / QTLs for various traits like flowering time, yield and yield related traits, resistance to fusarium wilt, ascochyta blight, BGM, drought, salinity, heat may be useful in developing improved varieties of chickpea besides deeper understanding of genetics underlying the inheritance of the characters. The knowledge on mapped genes / QTLs for various traits of interest could help in integration of genomics-assisted breeding through various approaches like Marker Assisted Back Crossing, introgression of superior alleles from wild species through Advanced Backcross QTL, Marker Assisted Recurrent Selection and Genome Wide Selection for improving chickpea.

scholarly journals Renewable Energy Alternatives: Bioetanol in Cassava as an Energy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Okocha Michele
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Research Facility ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Descriptive Method

The study aimed at investigating the use of cassava as potential alternative renewable energy. The study method utilized is a descriptive method of making bioethanol from cassava on a research facility scale. 50 kg of new cassava, include 1.5 ml of alpha-amylase protein at that point warm for 30-60 minutes Include 1 g of bread yeast, 65 g of urea, and 14 g of NPK. The efficiency of cassava at the cultivate level is 14.3 - 18.8 to/ha, in spite of the fact that information from the inquire about center reports that efficiency can reach 30-40 tons / ha. It is prescribed that cassava as a biofuel fabric comes from assortments that have the taking after properties: tall starch substance, tall abdicate potential, safe to biotic and abiotic stresses, adaptability in cultivating and collecting age.

scholarly journals Yield Reductions of Wheat Cultivar Obora (UTIQUE96/FLAG-1) due to Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Infestation under Field Conditions at Selected Districts of West Showa Zone, Ethiopia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahil Abebe ◽  
Mulugeta Negeri ◽  
Emana Getu ◽  
Thangavel Selvara
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Russian Wheat Aphid ◽  
Diuraphis Noxia ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Maximum Decrease

Background: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop as being consumed as staple food in the world as well as in Ethiopia. The production of wheat in Ethiopia decreased due to the incidence of insect pests. Out of insects’ pests the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) is the recent one that causes yield loss either directly or indirectly. Methods: The experiment was carried out at selected districts of West Showa zone, Ethiopia during off cropping season 2019 to evaluate the yield reduction in wheat crop due to the invasion of Russian wheat aphids. Malamar, Dimethoate, neem seeds, leaves, Beaveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were used in form of spray. Result: However, Malamar and Dimethoate highly significantly lowered the population of Diuraphis noxia. The combination of Beaveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopleae significantly lowered the population of Russian wheat aphid. The combination of Neem leaf and Neem seeds, as well as Beaveria bassiana, proved to be effective against Russian wheat aphid yet they were protected and sound against the environments. Malamar showed the maximum decrease in Diuraphis noxia populations followed by Dimethoate, the combination of Beaveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopleae.

scholarly journals Regulatory Network Identification, Promoter and Expression Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1 in Defense Responses against Stresses

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-339
Author(s):  
Amir G. SHAHRIARI ◽  
Aminallah TAHMASEBI ◽  
Sima SAZEGARI
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Wrky Transcription Factor ◽  
Microarray Data Analysis ◽  
Common Element ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Biotic Stresses

Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) phytohormones have been known for their roles in plant defense behaviour against biotic and abiotic stresses. They regulate defense pathways by antagonistic interaction. NPR1 as a key regulatory factor in the cross-talk between SA and JA, signaling is essential for the inhibition of JA-responsive gene expression by SA. In silico promoter analysis of 1.5 kb promoter regions of NPR1 gene revealed that NPR1 contains 23 MYB and 20 WRKY transcription factor binding sites. Different cis-elements associated with various stress responses were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1. The most common element was allocated to the defense responses against biotic stresses. Based on gene network analysis, NPR1, TGA2 and TGA3 were predicted to have functional cooperation with each other. Affymetrix microarray data analysis of A. thaliana under SA treatment demonstrated that most genes involved in NPR1 network are up-regulated under SA treatment. Therefore, interaction and cooperation between these factors might serve to fine-tune regulation of defense and immune responses against biotic and abiotic stresses.  

scholarly journals Revisiting and Enlisting Important QTLs Identified in Frech Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Kaur Dhaliwal ◽  
Pooja Salaria ◽  
Prashant Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
French Bean ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses

French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) a member of family Leguminosae is a useful source of protein (∼22%), minerals (folate), vitamins and fibre. Abiotic and biotic stresses are the constraints to high yield and production of French bean. Varieties reluctant to diseases as well as abiotic stresses is among the top breeding objectives for the French bean. Mendelian ratios could know the genetically reliable forms of resistance, whereas it's more robust to understand the intricate kinds, often referred to as quantitative trait loci (QTL). Here, we review and compile the information from the studies related to the identification of QTLs for critical biofortification traits, biotic and abiotic stresses in French bean. Successful map-based cloning requires QTLs represent single genes which could be isolated in near-isogenic lines, and also the genotypes could be unambiguously inferred by progeny testing. Overall, this information will be useful for directing the French bean breeders to select a suitable method for the inheritance evaluation of quantitative traits and determining the novel genes in germplasm resources to ensure that much more potential of genetic information may be uncovered.

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