Maternal and Fetal Response to Pre Anesthetic ‎Magnesium Sulphate in Cesarean Section

Background: Magnesium, the fourth most common cation in the body, has an ‎antagonistic effect at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, as ‎well as calcium-channel blocker properties. Antagonism at the ‎NMDA receptor is thought to alter the mechanism of central ‎hypersensitivity and to subsequently decrease analgesic requirements ‎including opioid consumption.‎‎ This study aimed to assess the effects of preoperative administration of intravenous magnesium sulphate on the intubation stress response as a primary outcome and uterine, fetal middle cerebral and umbilical arterial blood flow, Apgar score and postoperative analgesia as secondary outcomes in participants undergoing elective caesarian section under general anesthesia. Methods: This prospective randomized controlled double blinded study ‎was carried out on 65 pregnant females between 21-35 years old undergoing elective caesarian section under general anesthesia. who were randomly classified randomly into two groups: Magnesium sulphate (Mg) group: received 25 mg/kg magnesium sulphate in 100 ml isotonic saline over 10 minutes before induction of anesthesia. Control group (C): received the same volume of isotonic saline over the same period. Results: Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were decreased significantly at post induction to the end of surgery in mg sulphate compared to control group and was insignificantly different between the studied groups at T0 and T1. VAS was significantly lower in mg sulphate group compared to control group at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours and was insignificantly different among the two groups at PACU admission and 30 min. preoperative administration of magnesium sulphate (25 mg/kg) was associated with lower postoperative pain scores, less post-operative analgesic consumption, better hemodynamic stability without significant difference in umbilical, middle cerebral and uterine arteries blood flow or Apgar score compared to control group in patients undergoing cesarean section under general anesthesia. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of sedation and hypotension. No cases showed respiratory depression in the two groups. Conclusion: Preoperative administration of ‎magnesium sulphate (25mg/kg) was associated with better ‎hemodynamic stability, lower postoperative pain scores, less post-‎operative analgesic consumption without significant difference in ‎umbilical, middle cerebral and uterine arteries blood flow or Apgar ‎score with nil complications except for PONV compared to control ‎group in patients undergoing cesarean section under general ‎anesthesia.‎‎

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Comparison between the Effects of Thiopental Sodium and Propofol on Maternal Hemodynamics during Cesarean Section Under General Anesthesia and Apgar score of the newborns

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcaa039.059 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

E Elshaer ◽

H Omar ◽

A Elshaer ◽

T Youssif ◽

W Abdelmoneim

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Umbilical Cord ◽

Apgar Score ◽

Well Being ◽

Elective Cesarean Section ◽

Anesthetic Drugs ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Thiopental Sodium

Abstract Background Cesarean delivery is one of the most current surgeries in women and one of the most significant challenges of anesthesiologists in this kind of surgery is the fetuses' exposure to anesthetic drugs. Regional anesthesia is generally preferred during cesarean section, but general anesthesia may be the only option under certain circumstances such as patient preference, back deformities. The most common drugs which are used in cesarean section to induce general anesthesia are thiopental sodium and propofol. Aim compare the effect of sodium thiopental induction versus propofol induction on hemodynamics of mothers undergoing elective cesarean section under general anesthesia and their effect on Apgar score of their newborns. Materials and Methods A total 260 healthy patients were included in an open randomized study, among whom 130 patients received Thiopentone and 130 received Propofol. These patients were premedicated with granisetron and ranitidine, after induction dose the maintenance was similar for both groups. APGAR scoring and umbilical cord venous gas analysis were among the parameters used for determining the general well-being of newborns. There were no significant difference between the two groups regarding Apgar scoring in 1st, 2nd and 5th minutes. Umbilical cord blood gas values were similar . There was no metabolic acidosis in newborns of mothers receiving thiopental or propofol as anesthetic agents during cesarean section. Results Group (T) received general anesthesia with thiopental at a dose of ( 4-6 mg/kg) while patients in group (P) received general anesthesia with propofol at a dose of (2mg/kg). As regards hemodynamic changes, there were no significant difference in maternal heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean blood pressure during their measurement throughout the procedure-preoperatively, after delivery of the baby,15 minutes after delivery, after extubation and in recovery room- but after intubation, there were significantly lower in propofol group which suppressed hemodynamic response to intubation . Conclusion Thiopental and propofol can be safely used in cesarean sections, but the use of propofol is more advantageous than thiopental because it provides adequate anesthetic suppression of pressor response of intubation without any depressive effect on newborns.

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Application of magnesium sulphate as a " multimodal general anesthesia" protocol in patients undergoing hysteroscopy: a randomized controlled study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-26722/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Peng-fei Gao ◽

Jing-yan Lin ◽

Shun Wang ◽

Yun-feng Zhang ◽

Guo-qiang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postoperative Pain ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Magnesium Sulphate ◽

Intravenous Infusion ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Serum Magnesium ◽

Isotonic Saline ◽

Magnesium Concentration ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Control Group

Abstract Background: The purpose of the study was to applicate magnesium sulphate as a " multimodal general anesthesia" protocol to reduce perioperative opioids requirements in patients undergoing hysteroscopy.Methods: 70 patients scheduled for hysteroscopy were randomly divided into 2 groups. Patients in Group M received intravenous magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg in 100 ml of isotonic saline over 15 min before fentanyl injection and then 15 mg/kg per hour by continuous intravenous infusion. Patients in the control group received an equal volume of normal saline as placebo. All patients were anesthetized under a BIS guided monitored anesthesia care with propofol and fentanyl. Intraoperative hemodynamic variables were recorded and postoperative pain scores were assessed with verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) 1 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, and 4 hours after recovery of consciousness. The primary outcome of our study was total amount of intraoperative and postoperative analgesics administered.Results: Postoperative serum magnesium concentrations in Group C were significantly decreased than preoperative levels (0.86 ± 0.06 to 0.80 ± 0.08 mmol/L, P=0.001) while there was no statistical change in Group M (0.86 ± 0.07 to 0.89 ± 0.07 mmol/L, P=0.129). Bradycardia did not occur in either group and the incidence of hypotension was comparable between the two groups. Total dose of fentanyl given to patients in Group M was less than the one administered to Group C [100 (75-150) vs 145 (75-175) μg, median (range); P < 0.001]. Fewer patients in Group M required additional analgesics postoperatively. In addition, patients receiving magnesium displayed lower VNRS scores at 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, and 4 hours postoperatively. Conclusions: Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulphate significantly reduces postoperative pain and perioperative opioid requirements without increasing the risk of cardiovascular side effects. Meanwhile, it was beneficial to maintain a stable serum magnesium concentration after the procedure.Trial registration: www.chictr.org.cn ChiCTR1900024596 date of registration: July 18th 2019.

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Intravenous injection of butorphanol prevents shivering of parturients undergoing cesarean section under epidural anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial

10.21203/rs.2.10671/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Shuying Fu ◽

Liang Qi ◽

Bing Zhang ◽

Mingpin Hu ◽

Xuejiao Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cesarean Section ◽

Intravenous Injection ◽

Epidural Anesthesia ◽

Apgar Score ◽

Statistical Difference ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to assess the inhibitory effect of intravenous injection of butorphanol on the shivering in those parturients who underwent cesarean section (CS) under epidural anesthesia (EA). Methods 160 parturients planned for elective CS under EA were enrolled and finally 155 of them were included in this trial and randomly allocated to 4 groups. Before epidural anesthesia, parturients in Group A, B and C were respectively injected 7.5μg/kg, 5μg/kg and 2.5μg/kg butorphanol (100ug/ml) while none in Group D was given any drug. The incidence, duration and intensity of shivering, hemodynamic parameters of parturients, Apgar score of neonates, analysis of blood gas of umbilical cord and adverse events were recorded. Results The demographic characteristics of parturients of the four groups were similar. Compared with the control group (Group D), statistically significant attenuation of shivering was seen in the parturients of Group A and Group B. The incidence, intensity and duration of shivering of the Group A and Group B were all lower than those of the control group, but there was no statistical difference in the incidence, severity or duration time of shivering among groups receiving butorphanol. No patient displayed grade 4 shivering. There were no significant differences among the groups with mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiratory rate (RR) after administration of butorphanol. The incidences of most adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, and hypotension were also not seen statistical difference among the four groups. However, compared with other three groups, sedation parameter increased in Group A. Compared with Groups C and Group D, incidences of dizziness increased in Group A and Group B. There was no significant difference in Apgar score, PH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3- and lactic acid value among the newborns of the four groups. Conclusion The prophylactic administration of intravenous butorphanol 0.75μg/kg or 0.5μg/kg is effective on inhibiting shivering and can be safely used in parturients undergoing CS under EA, but 0.5μg/kg is more suitable because of less sedation. Dizziness of parturients should be monitored whichever dose is used.

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The influence of thoracic epidural anesthesia on liver hemodynamics in patients under general anesthesia

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina46070067 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 46 (7) ◽

pp. 465 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Darius Trepenaitis ◽

Juozas Pundzius ◽

Andrius Macas

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Blood Flow ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Hepatic Blood Flow ◽

Epidural Anesthesia ◽

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure ◽

Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia ◽

Control Group ◽

Thoracic Epidural ◽

Arterial Blood

Background and objective. Hepatic hypoperfusion is regarded as an important factor in the pathophysiology of perioperative liver injury. Although thoracic epidural anesthesia is a widely used technique, limited data are available about the effects on hepatic blood flow with blockade restricted to thoracic segments in humans. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia on hepatic blood flow under general anesthesia in humans. Material and methods. In 40 patients under general anesthesia, we assessed hepatic blood flow using plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green (PDRICG) as a simple noninvasive method before and after induction of thoracic epidural anesthesia. The epidural catheter was inserted at the Th7/8 or Th8/9, and 1% lidocaine at a mean (range) dose of 8 (6–10) mL was injected. Ephedrine bolus was given to patients who demonstrated a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure below 60 mm Hg after induction of thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA-E group). Other patients did not receive any catecholamines during the study period (TEA group). Ten patients who did not undergo TEA served as controls (control group). Results. In 7 patients, administration of ephedrine was necessary to avoid a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure below 60 mm Hg. Thus, the TEA-E group consisted of 7 patients and TEA group of 33. In the TEA group, thoracic epidural anesthesia was associated with a mean 2.3% min–1 decrease in PDRICG (P<0.05). In the TEA-E group, all seven patients showed a 2.2% min–1decrease in PDRICG (P<0.05). Patients in the control group showed a mean 1.1% min–1 increase in PDRICG (P<0.05). In contrast to hepatic blood flow, cardiac output was not affected by thoracic epidural anesthesia. Conclusions. In humans, thoracic epidural anesthesia is associated with a decrease in hepatic blood flow. Thoracic epidural anesthesia combined with ephedrine bolus was found to result in further decrease in hepatic blood flow.

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Application of magnesium sulphate as a " multimodal general anesthesia" protocol in patients undergoing hysteroscopy: a randomized controlled study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-26722/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Peng-fei Gao ◽

Jing-yan Lin ◽

Shun Wang ◽

Yun-feng Zhang ◽

Guo-qiang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postoperative Pain ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Magnesium Sulphate ◽

Intravenous Infusion ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Serum Magnesium ◽

Isotonic Saline ◽

Magnesium Concentration ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Control Group

Abstract Background The purpose of the study was to applicate magnesium sulphate as a " multimodal general anesthesia" protocol to reduce perioperative opioids requirements in patients undergoing hysteroscopy. Methods 70 patients scheduled for hysteroscopy were randomly divided into 2 groups. Patients in the Group M received intravenous magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg in 100 ml of isotonic saline over 15 min before propofol injection and then 15 mg/kg per hour by continuous intravenous infusion. Patients in the control group received an equal volume of normal saline as placebo. All patients were anesthetized under a BIS guided monitored anesthesia care with propofol and fentanyl. Intraoperative anesthetic agent requirements and hemodynamic variables were recorded. Postoperative pain score was assessed with verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) 1 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour and 4 hours after recovery of consciousness. Results Postoperative serum magnesium concentrations in Group C were significantly declined than preoperative levels (0.86 ± 0.06 to 0.80 ± 0.08 mmol/L, P=0.001) while there was no statistical change in Group M (0.86 ± 0.07 to 0.89 ± 0.07 mmol/L, P=0.129). The total dose of fentanyl given to patients in Group M was less than the one administered to Group C (100 (75-150) vs 145 (75-175) μg, median (range); P < 0.001). Fewer patients in Group M required additional analgesic postoperatively. In addition, patients receiving magnesium displayed less VNRS scores at 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour and 4 hours postoperatively. Conclusions Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulphate significantly reduces perioperative opioids requirements. Meanwhile, it was beneficial to reduce postoperative pain and maintain stable of serum magnesium concentration after the procedure.

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Hipotenzinės epidurinės anestezijos įtaka šunto frakcijai

Lietuvos chirurgija ◽

10.15388/lietchirur.2007.3.2202 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 0-0

Author(s):

Renatas Tikuišis ◽

Povilas Miliauskas ◽

Saulius Cicėnas ◽

Aleksas Žurauskas ◽

Narimantas Evaldas Samalavičius

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Epidural Anesthesia ◽

Lung Ventilation ◽

Control Group ◽

Shunt Fraction ◽

Pulmonary Shunt ◽

One Lung Ventilation ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Significant Difference

Renatas Tikuišis, Povilas Miliauskas, Saulius Cicėnas, Aleksas Žurauskas, Narimantas Evaldas SamalavičiusVilniaus universiteto Onkologijos institutas, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660El paštas: [email protected] Įvadas / tikslas Vieno plaučio ventiliavimas padidina plautinį šuntą ir sumažina PaO2, nors ir ventiliacija atliekama 100% deguonimi. Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo palyginti šunto frakciją esant normaliam ir sumažintam kraujo spaudimui, kai atliekama abiejų ir vieno plaučio ventiliacija. Ligoniai ir metodai Tyrime dalyvavo 100 pacientų. Pacientai atsitiktine tvarka buvo suskirstyti į dvi grupes: tiriamąją (T grupė) ir kontrolinę (K grupė). Kiekvieną grupę sudarė po 50 pacientų. T grupės pacientams buvo taikyta torakalinė epidurinė ir bendroji intubacinė nejautra. Epidurinė nejautra naudota skausmui malšinti ir vidutiniam arteriniam kraujospūdžiui (VAS) sumažinti iki 50–60 mm Hg. K grupės pacientams taikyta tik bendroji intubacinė nejautra ir VAS nebuvo sumažintas (79–119 mm Hg). Arterinio ir veninio kraujo tyrimas buvo atliekamas ventiliuojant abu plaučius ir praėjus 20, 40, 60 minučių, kai buvo ventiliuojamas vienas plautis. Rezultatai Abi grupės pagal operacijos apimtį ir ligonių charakteristiką buvo vienodos. Plautinis šuntas padidėja pradėjus vieno plaučio ventiliaciją abiejų grupių ligoniams. Tačiau atskirų grupių plautinis šuntas nesiskiria tiek ventiliuojant vieną plautį, tiek ventiliuojant abu. Išvada Nei torakalinė epidurinė nejautra, nei mažas kraujo spaudimas nedidina plautinio šunto ventiliuojant vieną ar abu plaučius Pagrindiniai žodžiai: plautinis šuntas, plaučių ventiliacija The effect of hypotensive epidural anesthesia on shunt fraction Renatas Tikuišis, Povilas Miliauskas, Saulius Cicėnas, Aleksas Žurauskas, Narimantas Evaldas SamalavičiusVilnius University, Institute of Oncology, Santariškių str. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, LithuaniaE-mail: [email protected] Objective One-lung ventilation (OLV) induces an increase in pulmonary shunt sometimes associated with a decrease in PaO2 despite ventilation with 100% oxygen. The aim of the study was to compare shunt fraction during two and one lung ventilation in patients with normal and decreased blood pressure. Patients and methods One hundred patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: investigation (group T) and control (group K). Fifty patients were involved in group T. Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) combined with general anesthesia was used in these patients. TEA was used to reach analgesia and to reduce mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) to 50–60 mmHg. Group K also covered 50 patients. Only general anesthesia was used in these patients and MAP was not reduced (it was 79–119 mmHg). Arterial and venous blood samples were measured at the end of two lung ventilations, 20, 40 and 60 min after the initiation of OLV. Results There were no significant differences in the type of operation and preoperative patients’ characteristics between the groups. In both groups, the pulmonary shunt fraction increased significantly during OLV in comparison to two-lung ventilation (TLV), but there was no significant difference between the groups as regards shunt fraction during OLV or TLV. Conclusion We concluded that TEA and reduced MAP do not significantly influence shunt fraction during two- and one-lung ventilation. Keywords: pulmonary shunt, lung ventilation

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Effect of Chewing Gum on Bowel Motility in Women Undergoing Post-Operative Cesarean Section

International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science ◽

10.23958/ijirms/vol03-i06/04 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (06) ◽

Author(s):

Dr.Randa Mohammed AboBaker

Keyword(s):

Cesarean Section ◽

Hospital Stay ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Length Of Hospital Stay ◽

Chewing Gum ◽

Control Group ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Bowel Motility ◽

Gum Chewing ◽

Significant Difference

Postoperative Ileus (POI) is one of the most common problems after obstetrics, gynecologic and abdominal surgeries. Sham feeding, such as gum chewing, accelerates the return of bowel function and the length of hospital stay. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of chewing gum on bowel motility in women undergoing post-operative cesarean section. Intervention study was used at the Postpartum Department of Maternity and Children Hospital, KSA. A randomized controlled clinical trial research design. Through a convenience technique, 80 post Caesarian Section (CS) women were included in the study. Data were collected through three tools: Tool (I): Socio-demographic data and reproductive history interview schedule. Tool (II): Postoperative Assessment Sheet. Tool (III): Outcomes of gum chewing and the length of hospital stay. Method: subjects were assigned randomly into two groups of (40) the experimental and (40) the control. Subjects in the study group were asked to chew two pieces of sugarless gum for 30 min/three times daily in the morning, noon, and evening immediately after recovery from anesthesia and in Postpartum Department; while subjects in the control group followed the hospital routine care. Each woman in both groups was tested abdominally using a stethoscope to auscultate the bowel sounds and asked to report immediately the time of either passing flatus or stool. Results: illustrated that a highly statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups concerning their gum chewing outcomes. Where, P = 0.000. The study concluded that gum chewing is safe, well tolerated and appears to be effective in reducing the incidence and consequences of POI following CS.

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Maternal and Neonatal Effect of Fentanyl as a Premedication before Induction of General Anesthesia in Cesarean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Current Women s Health Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573404815666190111151651 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 232-237

Author(s):

Mir Hadi Musavi ◽

Behzad Jodeiri ◽

Keyvan Mirnia ◽

Morteza Ghojazadeh ◽

Zeinab Nikniaz

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Apgar Score ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Intravenous Fentanyl ◽

Neonatal Effect ◽

Fentanyl Group

Background: Although, some clinical trials investigated the maternal and neonatal effect of fentanyl as a premedication before induction of general anesthesia in cesarean section, to the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic review to summarize these results. Objectives: The present systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the maternal and neonatal effect of intravenous fentanyl as a premedication before induction of general anesthesia in cesarean section. Methods: The databases of Pubmed, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane library were searched till July 2017 to identify randomized clinical trials which evaluated the effects of intravenous fentanyl as a premedication before induction of general anesthesia compared with placebo on neonate first and fifth minute Apgar score and maternal heart rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in cesarean section. Standard Mean difference (SMD) was calculated and I-square statistic test was used for heterogeneity analysis. Results: The present systematic review and meta-analysis consisted of three clinical trials including 180 women in labor. Considering the results of meta-analysis, there is no significant differences between fentanyl and placebo in the case of Apgar score at 1 minute; however, the Apgar score of 5 minutes was significantly lower in fentanyl group compared with placebo (SMD -0.68, 95%CI: - 0.98, -0.38, p<0.001). In the term of maternal hemodynamics, the heart rate (SMD -0.43, 95%CI: - 0.72, -0.13, p=0.004) and MAP (SMD -0.78, 95% CI: -1.09, -0.48, p<0.001) in fentanyl group were significantly lower compared with placebo group. Conclusion: The present meta-analysis showed that using intravenous fentanyl as a premedication before induction of general anesthesia had adverse effects on neonate Apgar score. However, it had positive effects on preventing adverse consequences of intubation on maternal hemodynamics.

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Effect of leg wrapping technique on prevention of spinal induced hypotension and fetal acidosis during cesarean section: Randomized controlled trial

Journal of Nursing Education and Practice ◽

10.5430/jnep.v10n2p70 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 70

Author(s):

Samah Nasser Abd El-Aziz El-Shora ◽

Amina Mohamed Rashad El-Nemer

Keyword(s):

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Control Group ◽

Induced Hypotension ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Wrapping Technique

Background and aim: Hypotension during cesarean section (CS) under spinal anesthesia has been a subject of scientific study for more than 50 years and the search for the most effective strategy to achieve hemodynamic stability remains challenging. Aim: The study was carried out to apply leg wrapping technique for the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension (SIH) during CS.Methods: Randomized Controlled Trial design was utilized at cesarean delivery operating room Mansoura General Hospital in El-Mansoura City during the period from May 2018 to November 2018. A purposive sample of 88 pregnant women, assigned randomly to an intervention group (n = 44) in which their legs wrapped with elastic crepe bandage and control group (n = 44) in which no wrapping was done. Data collected for maternal, neonatal hemodynamic and signs of hypotension, the feasibility of application and cost analysis.Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of SIH and Ephedrine use among both groups (18.20% in leg wrapping group whereas 75% in control group). In addition, neonatal acidosis and NICU admission were less among leg wrapping group (11.40%, 9.10% respectively). Economically, leg wrapping technique was cost effective compared to the cost of the hospital regimen for treating SIH and admission to (NICU).Conclusion and recommendations: Leg wrapping technique was cost effective and an efficient method for decreasing SIH, neonatal acidosis and Ephedrine administration. It is recommended to apply leg wrapping technique in maternal hospitals' protocol of care for decreasing SIH during CS.

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The Effect of Reflexology on Lactation in Women Who Had Cesarean Section: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Complementary Medicine Research ◽

10.1159/000513924 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Sevde Aksu ◽

Pelin Palas Karaca

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Breast Pain ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Right ◽

Documentation Tool ◽

And Control

Aim: The research was conducted as a randomized controlled pilot study to evaluate the effects of reflexology on lactation in mothers who delivered by cesarean section (CS). Methods: A single-blind randomized controlled experimental study was conducted with a total of 60 postpartum women in the reflexology application (n = 30) and control groups (n = 30). After the CS, the mothers in the control group were given approximately 3-h routine nursing care after recovering from the effects of anesthesia; the introductory information form was applied, and the Breastfeeding Charting System and Documentation Tool (LATCH) and visual analog scale (VAS) for the signs of the onset of lactation were implemented on the first and second days. Reflexology was applied to the women in the intervention group after an average of 3 h following the mother’s condition had become stable and she had recovered from the effects of anesthesia. Reflexology was applied a total of 20 min – 10 min for the right foot, 10 min for the left foot – twice a day with 8-h intervals on the first and second days after CS. After the last reflexology application, the LATCH and VAS for the signs of the onset of lactation were applied. Results: Of the women, 70% breastfed their babies within 60 min after delivery; 46.7% of the mothers received breastfeeding training and 81.7% needed support for breastfeeding after the CS. The LATCH breastfeeding scores of the women in the intervention group on both days were significantly higher compared to those of the women in the control group (p < 0.001). On the first day after the CS, apart from breast pain, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of breast heat and breast tension (p > 0.05). On the second day after the CS, apart from breast tension, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of breast heat and breast pain (p < 0.05). In the study, women in the intervention group were found to have higher scores in terms of all three symptoms compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In the study, it was determined that LATCH scores and signs of the onset of breastfeeding increased in the mothers who received reflexology after CS.

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