scholarly journals Coronavirus Pandemic: An Update on the Transmission, Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Managment

2021 ◽  
pp. 182-192
Author(s):  
Saad S. Alqahtani ◽  
Santhosh Joseph ◽  
Otilia J. F. Banji ◽  
Abdulkarim M. Meraya ◽  
Ahmed A. Albarraq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Widespread Interest

The novel coronavirus, designated as “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2), is a new coronavirus that has evolved as a global pandemic recently, and it has created a widespread interest in coronaviruses causing human infections. This article compares the pathogenesis, distribution, clinical characteristics, and treatment of the three highly pathogenic coronaviruses that caused epidemics, namely, “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus” (SARS), “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome” (MERS), and SARS-CoV-2. This narrative review is prepared using the data compiled from literature search using relevant MeSH terms. The clinical manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) is mild with relatively low fatality rate than the other two coronaviruses; however, its overall capability to cause explosive spread of the disease and reach a pandemic level is greater. Unlike SARS and MERS, COVID-19 has no accepted treatment protocols at present. Extensive studies and analyses on COVID-19 are necessary before making strong recommendations for or against any particular treatment, although some recent medications have shown great potential. COVID-19 still needs further investigation, where all of the lessons gained from previous outbreaks of SARS and MERS and the experience from the countries that managed COVID-19 seem to be the best approaches to counteract this new global hazard at present until effective preventive vaccines are available in sufficient quantity for mass vaccination programs worldwide.

scholarly journals Rapid in vitro assays for screening neutralizing antibodies and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Gyu Park ◽  
Fatai S. Oladduni ◽  
Kevin Chiem ◽  
Chengjin Ye ◽  
Michael Pipenbrink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Identification And Characterization

AbstractTowards the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus (CoV) named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), genetically similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province of China, and has been responsible of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans. Since its first report, SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a global pandemic, with over 10 million human infections and over 560,000 deaths reported worldwide at the end of June 2020. Currently, there are no United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved vaccines and/or antivirals licensed against SARS-CoV-2, and the high economical and health impact of SARS-CoV-2 has placed global pressure on the scientific community to identify effective prophylactic and therapeutic treatments for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated COVID-19 disease. While some compounds have been already reported to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection and a handful of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been described that neutralize SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need for the development and standardization of assays which can be used in high through-put screening (HTS) settings to identify new antivirals and/or neutralizing mAbs against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we described a rapid, accurate and highly reproducible plaque reduction microneutralization (PRMNT) assay that can be quickly adapted for the identification and characterization of both neutralizing mAbs and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, our MNA is compatible with HTS settings to interrogate large and/or complex libraries of mAbs and/or antivirals to identify those with neutralizing and/or antiviral activity, respectively, against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals The necessity for carnivore experimentation in predicting the next zoonotic disease epidemic

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Freeha Anjum ◽  
Hillary Hale
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Public ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Human Infections

Zoonoses are human infections or diseases caused by disease spillover from vertebrate animals to people [1]. Spillover is the movement of pathogens from their normal host to a novel species [2]; this can occur through bodily fluids, bites, food, water, or contact with surfaces where infected animals have travelled [3]. Although some zoonoses remain established within populations and primarily affect only one person per spillover (classified as enzootic zoonoses—e.g., rabies), others can be transmitted between people and result in localized, or even global outbreaks [4]. Zoonoses account for over 60% of infectious diseases in humans [4] and can be caused by viruses, parasites, bacteria, or fungi. Of these, viral zoonoses prove to be of greatest detriment to the public on a widespread scale, as they are responsible for numerous epidemics and pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) [5-7]. Research has also been conducted on different taxonomic orders of species, such as Carnivora — placental animals which obtain nutrients from flesh — and their viral spillover risk [11].

scholarly journals Containment, Contact Tracing and Asymptomatic Transmission of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Modelling Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Kinoshita ◽  
Asami Anzai ◽  
Sung-mok Jung ◽  
Natalie M. Linton ◽  
Takeshi Miyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Branching Process ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

When a novel infectious disease emerges, enhanced contact tracing and isolation are implemented to prevent a major epidemic, and indeed, they have been successful for the control of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which have been greatly reduced without causing a global pandemic. Considering that asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infections are substantial for the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the feasibility of preventing the major epidemic has been questioned. Using a two-type branching process model, the present study assesses the feasibility of containing COVID-19 by computing the probability of a major epidemic. We show that if there is a substantial number of asymptomatic transmissions, cutting chains of transmission by means of contact tracing and case isolation would be very challenging without additional interventions, and in particular, untraced cases contribute to lowering the feasibility of containment. Even if isolation of symptomatic cases is conducted swiftly after symptom onset, only secondary transmissions after the symptom onset can be prevented.

scholarly journals Advances in treatment of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Qi Wu ◽  
Yong Xu ◽  
Wen-Pan Peng ◽  
Fan-Chao Feng ◽  
Zhi-Chao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Human Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus pneumonia is an acute infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The global pandemic of this novel coronavirus pneumonia has greatly threatened human health and brought enormous economy losses. By the end of May 20, 2020, the pandemic of this disease had caused more than 2.70 million infections and more than 320 thousand deaths. This paper reviewed the recent advances in the treatment of the novel coronavirus pneumonia to provide basic references for disease control.

Synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs as promising therapeutic option for the treatment of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekta Shirbhate ◽  
Preeti Patel ◽  
Vijay K Patel ◽  
Ravichandran Veerasamy ◽  
Prabodh C Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Synthetic Compounds ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

: The novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a global pandemic that emerged from Wuhan, China has today travelled all around the world, so far 216 countries or territories with 21,732,472 people infected and 770,866 deaths globally (as per WHO COVID-19 update dated August 18, 2020). Continuous efforts are being made to repurpose the existing drugs and develop vaccines for combating this infection. Despite, to date, no certified antiviral treatment or vaccine prevails. Although, few candidates have displayed their efficacy in in vitro studies and are being repurposed for COVID-19 treatment. This article summarizes synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds displaying potent activity in their clinical experiences or studies against COVID-19 and also focuses on mode of action of drugs being repositioned against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Severe neutropenia in infants with severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the novel coronavirus 2019 infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 259-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Venturini ◽  
Giordano Palmas ◽  
Carlotta Montagnani ◽  
Elena Chiappini ◽  
Francesco Citera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Severe Neutropenia ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

FEATURES OF THE COURSE AND TACTICS OF MANAGING CHILDREN WITH KIDNEYS AND URINARY TRACT DISEASES DURING THE PANDEMIC OF NEW CORONAVIRUS INFECTION COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
I.M. Kagantsov ◽  
◽  
V.V. Sizonov ◽  
V.G. Svarich ◽  
K.P. Piskunov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Urinary System ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Significant Health

The novel coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2), which first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has been declared a global pandemic by WHO. COVID-19 affects people of all age groups. The disease in children is usually asymptomatic or mild compared to adults, and with a significantly lower death rates. Data on kidney damage in children with COVID-19, as well as the effect of coronavirus infection on the course of diseases of the genitourinary system, are limited, the risks of contracting a new coronavirus infection in children with significant health problems, including those with chronic kidney disease, remain uncertain. The pandemic has affected the activities of surgeons treating diseases of the urinary system in children. Since the prospects for the end of the pandemic are vague, it is necessary to formulate criteria for selecting patients who can and should be provided with routine care in the pandemic. The purpose of this review is to highlight the features of the clinical manifestations and treatment of children with COVID-19, occurring against the background of previous renal pathology or complicating its course.

scholarly journals Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through recombination and strong purifying selection

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (27) ◽  
pp. eabb9153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojun Li ◽  
Elena E. Giorgi ◽  
Manukumar Honnayakanahalli Marichannegowda ◽  
Brian Foley ◽  
Chuan Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Evolutionary Constraints ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

COVID-19 has become a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the origins of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for deterring future zoonosis, discovering new drugs, and developing a vaccine. We show evidence of strong purifying selection around the receptor binding motif (RBM) in the spike and other genes among bat, pangolin, and human coronaviruses, suggesting similar evolutionary constraints in different host species. We also demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2’s entire RBM was introduced through recombination with coronaviruses from pangolins, possibly a critical step in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2’s ability to infect humans. Similar purifying selection in different host species, together with frequent recombination among coronaviruses, suggests a common evolutionary mechanism that could lead to new emerging human coronaviruses.

scholarly journals Emerging pandemic COVID-19: myths and facts

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Rohit Vadala ◽  
Isabella Princess
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Nucleocapsid Proteins ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Relationship Of

<p>The first theory which has established itself across the world is that COVID-19 is a “new virus”. It is rather wise to call it a “new strain” of a pre-existing coronavirus since history clearly denotes cases of coronavirus surfacing the world in past years beginning as early as mid-1960s.Including this novel strain of the virus, seven strains of coronaviruses have been commonly associated with human infections. Coronaviruses are primarily respiratory viruses causing infections ranging from mild to severe involvement of the respiratory tract. The common cold strains of coronavirus are 229E alpha coronavirus, NL63 alpha coronavirus, OC43 beta coronavirus and HKU1 beta coronavirus.The acute respiratory distress causing strains are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) beta CoV causing SARS, MERS beta CoV causing Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the very novel COVID-19. Researchers and molecular biologists have confirmed phylogenetic relationship of COVID-19 with a 2015 Chinese bat strain of SARS CoV.<sup> </sup>Mutations to the surface protein as well as nucleocapsid proteins were demonstrated. These two mutations predicts the characteristics such as higher ability to infect as well as enhanced pathogenicity of COVID-19 as compared to older SARS strain. For this reason and with similarities in clinical presentation the novel strain has been named as SARS-CoV-2.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document