scholarly journals Biotreatment of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Popoola ◽  
A. A. Olanbiwonninu
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
A Value ◽  
Treatment Measures

Biodegradation of hydrocarbons by microorganisms represents one of the primary mechanisms by which petroleum and other hydrogen pollutants are eliminated from the environment. This work was carried out on the effect of microorganisms on the biotreatment of oil in crude oil contaminated soil. Microorganisms were isolated from two experimental soil samples contaminated with Bonny Crude and normal uncontaminated soil as a control over a period of seven months. The microbial as well as the physico-chemical parameters of the soil samples were all analyzed using standard methods. Changes in total petroleum hydrocarbon level were measured appropriately. Treatments used were the microbial isolates. Forty-four microorganisms were isolated from the contaminated soils and identified as species of Pseudomonas (7), Flavobacterium (6), Bacillus (8), Proteus (4), Klebsiella (1), Pencillium (5), Aspergillus (7), Fusarium (3), Trichypton (2) and Neurospora (1). Ten of the forty-four isolates had ability to degrade crude oil in the laboratory. On contamination a value of 1.0X105 cfu/g in microbial counts were obtained followed by a subsequent increase in population levels after a period of 2months with a value of 1.0X106 cfu/g. Oil application to the soil resulted in an increase in total petroleum hydrocarbon from 0.31 ppm to 5.53 ppm; organic matter from 0.41% to 7.34%; available phosphorus from 1.75 ppm to 2.84 ppm. The treatment measures all showed progressive decrease in oil concentration in the soil. Mixture of bacterial and fungal isolates as a treatment measure proved to be more favourable above all others, it brought the concentration from 5.53 ppm to 0.31 ppm after a period of 5 weeks of treatment, which is same value with the normal soil (uncontaminated). Species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Flavobacterium, Proteus, Klebsiella, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichyphyton and Neurospora had potential for the degradation of bonny crude oil. They could therefore be employed in environmental cleanup of petroleum spill site.

scholarly journals Percentage Bioremediation Assessment of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) and Mucor racemosus in Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
D. N. Ogbonna ◽  
S. A. Ngah ◽  
R. N. Okparanma ◽  
O. Ule ◽  
R. R. Nrior
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Spent Mushroom Substrate ◽  
Mucor Racemosus ◽  
Rivers State ◽  
Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess Percentage Bioremediation of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) and Mucor racemosus in hydrocarbon contaminated soil Place and Duration of Study: A portion of Rivers State University demonstration farmland in Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Mile 3 Diobu area of Port Harcourt, Rivers State was used for this study. The piece of land is situated at Longitude 4°48’18.50’’N and Latitude 6o58’39.12’’E measuring 5.4864 m x 5.1816 m with a total area of 28.4283 m2. Bioremediation monitoring lasted for 56 days, analysis carried out weekly (per 7 days’ interval). Methodology: Five (5) experimental plots employing the Randomized Block Design were used each having dimensions of 100 x 50 x 30 cm (Length x Breadth x Height) = 150,000cm3. Baseline study of the uncontaminated and the deliberately contaminated agricultural soil was investigated for its microbiota and physico-chemical properties. Two of these plots were designated as pristine (Unpolluted soil) (CTRL 1) and crude oil contaminated soil without nutrient organics and bioaugmenting microbes (CTRL 2); these two serve as controls. Each of the experimental plots, except the control (CTRL 1), was contaminated with 2500 cm3 (2122.25 g) of crude oil giving initial Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) value of 8729.00 mg/kg. The crude oil polluted soil in Plot 3 was further treated with 750 ml of Mucor racemosus broth (CS+Muc), Plot 4 was treated with 3000 g of Spent Mushroom Substrate (CS+SMS) while plot 5 was treated with the combination of both (CS+Muc+SMS). The plots were left for 7 days to ensure even distribution and soil-oil bonding. Sampling was done at seven-day interval (Day 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56).  Physicochemical parameters monitored were pH, Temperature, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) throughout the experimental period. Microbial parameters monitored were Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB), Total Heterotrophic Fungi (THF), Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria (HUB) and Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi (HUF). Percentage (%) Bioremediation was estimated from percentage (%) reduction of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) from day 1 to day 56 in relation to control plots.  Net % Bioremediation were also assessed to ascertain the actual potential of treatment agents singly or combined. Results: Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) (CFU/g) recorded on day 7 and day 56 of the bioremediation were; day 7; CTRL 1 – US (1.07 x109), CTRL- CS (5.4 x108), CS+Muc (3.0 x108), CS+SMS (4.6 x108) and CS+Muc+SMS (5.0 x108). On day 56, data obtained were CTRL 1 –US (9.4 x108), CTRL 2 –CS (7.2 x109), CS+Muc (3.7 x108), CS+SMS (8.1x108) and CS+Muc+SMS (6.8 x108). The increase in number in the treated plots is a depiction of an increase in activity of the organism and the stimulating effect of bio-organics SMS while the untreated plot CTRL 1-US showed decrease in population at day 56. Similar trend showed for Total Heterotrophic Fungi. Generally, it was observed that the highest growth/ count was recorded at the 7th and 8th week (day 42 or day 49), at the 9th week there was an observable decrease; probably due to depletion of nutrients and other factors such as rainfall and seepage. The Net Percentage Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria and Fungi (Net %HUB and Net %HUF) were highest in Crude Oil contaminated plot treated with Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) singly; that is (CS+SMS) (11.02% and 12.07%) and lowest in the uncontaminated soil – Control (CTRL 1 –US) (5.41% and 9.26%) respectively. The trend in decreasing order of Net % Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria were as follows: CS+SMS (11.02%) > CS+Muc+SMS (10.14%) > CS+Muc (9.43%) > CTRL 2 –CS (8.1%) > CTRL 1 –US (5.41%) while Net % Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi followed similar trend and were: CS+SMS (12.07%) > CS+Muc+SMS (11.76%) = CS+Muc (11.76%) > CTRL 2 –CS (11.05%) > CTRL 1 –US (9.26%). Evaluation of Amount of Crude Oil or Hydrocarbon remediated and Net %Bioremediation revealed Crude Oil contaminated plot augmented with Mucor racemosus broth singly (CS+Muc) as having the highest bioremediation potential while the least is the untreated soil. The trend is as follows:  CS+Muc (8599.19 mg/kg; 33.93%) > CS+Muc+SMS (8298.95 mg/kg; 32.74%) > CS+SMS (8197.03 mg/kg; 32.34%) > CTRL 2 –CS (166.54 mg/kg; 0.66%) > CTRL 1 –US (85.48 mg/kg; 0.34%) Conclusion: This shows that a single nutrient substrate or augmenting microorganism applied appropriately may have a more positive result, that is; higher bioremediation potential than combined or multiple mixed treatments. It was further observed that microbial counts decreased with time in treatments with augmenting organisms alone but increased considerably in treatments supplement with organics having its peak on the 49th day.   It is therefore recommended that bioremediation of crude oil-polluted soil using bio-augmenting microorganism should be applied appropriately noting the volume: area ratio and be supplemented with efficient nutrient organics after every 49-day interval.

scholarly journals Bioremediation Potential of Native Hydrocarbons Degrading Bacteria in Crude Oil Polluted Soil

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana MARINESCU ◽  
Anca LACATUSU ◽  
Eugenia GAMENT ◽  
Georgiana PLOPEANU ◽  
Vera CARABULEA
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Inoculum ◽  
Native Crude ◽  
Petroleum Pollutants

Bioremediation of crude oil contaminated soil is an effective process to clean petroleum pollutants from the environment. Crude oil bioremediation of soils is limited by the bacteria activity in degrading the spills hydrocarbons. Native crude oil degrading bacteria were isolated from different crude oil polluted soils. The isolated bacteria belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, Arthrobacter and Bacillus. A natural biodegradable product and bacterial inoculum were used for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal from an artificial polluted soil. For soil polluted with 5% crude oil, the bacterial top, including those placed in the soil by inoculation was 30 days after impact, respectively 7 days after inoculum application, while in soil polluted with 10% crude oil,  multiplication top of bacteria was observed in the determination made at 45 days after impact and 21 days after inoculum application, showing once again how necessary is for microorganisms habituation and adaptation to environment being a function of pollutant concentration. The microorganisms inoculated showed a slight adaptability in soil polluted with 5% crude oil, but complete inhibition in the first 30 days of experiment at 10% crude oil.

Toxicity Assessment of some Crude Oil Contaminated Soils in the Niger Delta

2009 ◽  
Vol 62-64 ◽  
pp. 451-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.A. Aisien ◽  
J.C. Chiadikobi ◽  
E.T. Aisien
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters

This paper considered the toxicity assessment of some crude oil contaminated soils in Niger Delta areas. The soil samples were collected from different horizontal distances, vertical depths and contaminated soil of different ages. The heavy metals in the contaminated soils were digested and extracted using di-acid digested and DTPA extraction methods respectively. The physiochemical parameters (moisture content, pH, N, P and heavy metals (Ni, Pb and Cd) were analysed with APHA method. The heavy metals concentration was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results show that the metals concentration decreased with the age of the contaminated soil and with increased vertical depths. However, the metals concentrations were almost constant at different horizontal distances. Similar trend was observed for the moisture content, pH, N, P and K.

scholarly journals Bio-stimulation Approach in Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil Using Fish Waste and Goat Manure

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
V. G. Awari ◽  
D. N. Ogbonna ◽  
R. R. Nrior
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fish Waste ◽  
Goat Manure ◽  
Rivers State

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Fish waste and Goat manure to bio-stimulate the degradation process during bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated soil. Study Design: Research was designed to evaluate and compare the strength of the organic nutrients (Goat manure and fish waste)   to stimulate the biodegradation of crude oil contaminated soil within 56 days. Place and Duration of Study: Study was carried out in Rivers State University Farm, Rivers state, Nigeria for 56 days from July to September 2018.  Analyses were carried out weekly (per 7 days interval). Methodology:  Eight (8) experimental set-up were employed, each having 5kg farm soil, all were left fallow for 6 days before contamination with crude oil on the 7th day in the respective percentages. Four of the set-ups were contaminated with 5% Crude oil while the other four were contaminated with 10% Crude oil. The contaminated plots were further allowed for 21 days for proper contamination and exposure to natural environmental factors to mimic a crude oil spill site before the application of bio stimulating agents (fish waste and goat manure). The set-ups of 5% Crude Oil Contaminated Soil (5% COCS) and 10% Crude Oil Contaminated Soil (10% COCS) were then stimulated with nutrient organics; Goat Manure (GM) and Fish Waste (FW) except two setups (one 5% COCS and the other 10% COCS) which were used as controls. The treatments (setups) were as follows: 5% COCS    (control 1), 5% COCS + GM, 5% COCS + FW, 5% COCS + GM + FW and 10% COCS (Control 2), 10% COCS +GM, 10% COCS + FW, 10% COCS + GM + FW. Physiochemical and microbiological status of the soil before and after contamination was evaluated while parameters including Nitrate, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH), as well as Microbial analyses, were monitored throughout the experimental period. Bioremediation efficiency was estimated from percentage (%) reduction of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) from day 1 to the residual concentration at day 56 of bio-stimulation setups with the control. The bio-stimulating potentials of goat manure and fish waste were compared using statistical tools. Results: The results revealed decrease in TPH with increasing time. The Amount (mg/kg) and Percentage (%) of Total  Petroleum  Hydrocarbon (TPH) remediated within the period of this study for 5% Crude Oil Contaminated Soil were as follows: 5% COCS-Ctrl 1 (563.52 mg/kg; 8.60%) < 5% COCS + GM (3608.84 mg/kg; 55.11%) < 5% COCS + FW (4156.49 mg/kg; 63.47%)  < 5% COCS + GM + FW (4350.69 mg/kg; 66.44%) while 10% crude oil contaminated soil were: 10% COCS-Ctrl 2 (125.71 mg/kg; 1.21%) < 10% COCS + GM (4422.75 mg/kg; 42.82%) < 10%COCS + FW (5542.16 mg/kg; 53.66%) < 10% COCS + GM + FW (6168.66 mg/kg; 59.72%). This result shows that combination treatment with goat manure and fish wasteis more effective and has more bio-stimulating potentials than the single treatments. With respect to individual bio-stimulating agent, fish waste proves more effective and had a higher bioremediation efficiency than goat manure. The results of colonial counts obtained revealed that the total heterotrophic bacterial and total fungal counts generally increased during the study across the trend. The counts obtained from day 7 to 56 in the respective experimental set ups were as follows: Total Heterotrophic Bacteria  counts increased from 6.32 to 8.20 Log10CFU/g (Control) < 6.32 to 9.05 Log10CFU/g  (COCS+FW) < 6.41 to 9.13 Log10CFU/g (COCS+GM) < 6.32 to 9.58 Log10CFU/g (COCS+FW+GM). Similar progression was observed for total fungi, hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and hydrocarbon utilizing fungi in all the experimental set ups although irregular differences were observed in the control set ups. Conclusion: The combination of organic nutrient such as goat manure and fish waste as bio-stimulating agents have shown to have higher percentage (%) bioremediation efficiency than when applied singly. It was also observed that the microbial biomass increased with time; moreover the nutrient monitoring analysis revealed a continuous gradual increase of the soil nutrient as bioremediation increases with time. The nutrient inherent in the bio-stimulating agents’ fish waste and goat manure resulted in increased soil nutrient (from day 7 to 56) as bioremediation period increase thereby enhancing soil nutrients at end of experiment. It is therefore recommended that bio-stimulating agents such as fish waste and goat manure should be employed in bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated soil especially due to its soil nutrient enhancement after bioremediation exercise. It’s a very good nutrient amendment option.

Hydrocarbon treatability study of Antarctica soil with Fenton’s reagent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Beal ◽  
Ashley Mossell ◽  
Jay Clausen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Fenton’S Reagent ◽  
Fenton's Reagent ◽  
Mcmurdo Station ◽  
Petroleum Contaminated Soil ◽  
Annual International Conference

The study objectives were to determine the effectiveness of Fenton’s Reagent and Modified Fenton’s Reagent in reducing Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations in petroleum-contaminated soil from McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Comparisons of the contaminated soils were made, and a treatability study was completed and documented. This material was presented at the Association for Environmental Health and Sciences Foundation (AEHS) 30th Annual International Conference on Soil, Water, Energy, and Air (Virtual) on March 25, 2021.

Gravimetric Profile of Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacterial and Fungal Isolates from Contaminated Soil Samples in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olayinka O. Idris ◽  
◽  
Olayinka T. Ogunmefun ◽  
Cinderella N. Tuesimi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Spent Engine Oil

One of the biological compounds limiting soil water retention capacity is oil when present due to its hydro-nature. However, some microorganisms exhibit the capacity to degrade oil as a source of carbon, whereby the soil quality is retained and enhanced. Hence, the gravimetric profile of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria and fungi isolated from oil contaminated soil samples was investigated. Soil samples were collected from surface and 10m depth from six different mechanic workshops and generator sites. The pour plate technique was used to isolate the microorganisms. All pure isolates were sub-cultured using Bushnell Haas agar and the isolated bacteria were identified by their morphological and biochemical characteristics. The soil samples pH range was 4.3 - 6.4. Bacteria isolated included Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Microccocus spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Bacillus spp. The fungi isolated included Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus spp., Candida spp., Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. Degradation of kerosene, diesel, crude oil, engine oil, and spent engine oil was allowed using Acinetobacter baumanni, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus. Gravimetric analyses were used to determine the percentage of petroleum hydrocarbon degraded by bacterial isolates. The highest percentage of degradation was between P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa degraded 97.4% diesel, 88.2% kerosene, 71.3% crude oil, 80.7% engine oil and 78.2% spent engine oil; while Bacillus subtilis degraded 71% diesel, 97% kerosene, 89.6% crude oil, 87% engine oil and 72.6% spent engine oil. This study revealed that bacterial and fungal isolates from oil contaminated soils exhibited the potentials to degrade oil and bioremediation using these microorganisms was possible.

scholarly journals Factorial design study of total petroleum contaminated soil treatment using land farming technique

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehizonomhen Solomon Okonofua ◽  
KAYODE HASSAN LASISI ◽  
Eguakhide Atikpo
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Optimum Point ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Substrate Moisture ◽  
Land Farming

Abstract Land farming technique was used to treat hydrocarbon contaminated soil collected from a crude oil spill sites in Edo State, Nigeria. Calibrated standard auger was used to collect soil samples from the site at depth below 30 cm. The samples were characterized and classified. Cow dung and NPK fertilizer were added as additives to complement the nutriments of the soil samples before total petroleum hydrocarbon quantification and remediation procedures. Factorial design was applied to vary the input parameters such as pH, mass of substrate, moisture content and turning times of land farming so to ascertain the optimal conditions for the procedure. The result revealed that the in-situ total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) value was 5,000 mg kg-1 on the average and after 90 days of treatment, TPH reduced to 645.907 mg kg-1. The turning rate, pH, moisture content and mass of substrate had 82.79%, 4.36%, 0.48% and 0.046% contributions respectively to the degradation process using land farming treatment. Numerical optimization techniques applied in the optimum point for land farming input parameters to achieve predicted maximum removal of 98.60% were evaluated as pH, mass of substrate, moisture content and turning rate to be 6.01, 1 kg, 10% and 5 times in a week respectively. TPH removed at this optimum point was 97.83% reducing from 5,000 to 635.907 mg kg-1. The high coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.9865) as observed in the closeness of predicted and experimental values reflects the reliability of the model and hence, land farming practice with close attention on turning rate as revealed by this study, is recommended for TPH contaminated soil remediation.

scholarly journals Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Spent Engine Oil using Pig Dung

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
A. A. Ibiene ◽  
O. Aleruchi ◽  
L.C. Nnodim ◽  
R. U. Ihunwo
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Spent Engine Oil

Studies were carried out to investigate the bioremediation potential of pig dung in a soil contaminated with spent engine oil. Soil samples were obtained from the Ofrima complex, University of Port Harcourt. The soil samples were contaminated with various concentrations (50 ml and 100 ml) of spent engine oil and allowed for 21 days for proper exposure, mimicking natural spill. This was followed by the addition of the pig dung. The experimental setup was labeled sample A (1 kg soil + 100 g pig dung + 50 ml spent engine oil) and sample B (1 kg soil + 100 g pig dung + 100 ml spent engine oil). The physicochemical parameters and the microbiological analysis were done using standard methods. The total petroleum hydrocarbon was analyzed using gas chromatographic methods. Analyses were carried out at 14 days intervals for 28 days. The physicochemical parameter results showed a reduction in pH values in the contaminated soil samples, ranging from 6.21 - 6.65 in sample A and 6.57 - 6.87 in sample B. Temperature values were constant at 230C from day 1 to day 14 in sample A and increased at day 28 to 24 0C, also for sample B, the temperature was constant at 230C from day 1 to day14 and increased at day 28 to 26 0C. The amount of heavy metal (Lead) content decreased from 4.3645 - 1.93676 (mg/kg) and 6.18361 - 3.89654 (mg/kg) for samples A and B, respectively. There was also a significant reduction in the amount of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon, from 16631.86 - 3280.83 mg/kg for sample A and 18464.73 - 6784.60 mg/kg for sample B. The THB counts for samples A and B ranged from 7.73 - 7.91 and 7.05-8.20 (Log cfu/g), respectively. The fungal counts ranged from 3.99–4.58 and 5.12 - 7.93 (Log cfu/g) for samples A and B respectively. HUB counts ranged from 4.52–5.09 and 4.93- 5.55 (Log cfu/g) for samples A and B, respectively. The HUF counts ranged from 4.12 - 5.49 and 4.13 - 4.70 (Log cfu/g) for samples A and B, respectively. The results clearly showed that microorganisms capable of utilizing total petroleum hydrocarbon were present, also the pig dung showed both bio-stimulation and bio-augmentation tendency to attract high microbial load which supported the bioremediation of the spent engine oil contaminated soil.

scholarly journals Factorial design study of total petroleum contaminated soil treatment using land farming technique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehizonomhen Solomon Okonofua ◽  
Kayode H. Lasisi ◽  
Eguakhide Atikpo
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Optimum Point ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Substrate Moisture ◽  
Land Farming

Abstract Land farming technique was used to treat hydrocarbon contaminated soil collected from a crude oil spill sites in Edo State, Nigeria. Calibrated standard auger was used to collect soil samples from the site at depth below 30 cm. The samples were characterized and classified. Cow dung and NPK fertilizer were added as additives to complement the nutriments of the soil samples before total petroleum hydrocarbon quantification and remediation procedures. Factorial design was applied to vary the input parameters such as pH, mass of substrate, moisture content and turning times of land farming so to ascertain the optimal conditions for the procedure. The result revealed that the in-situ total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) value was 5,000 mg kg -1 on the average and after 90 days of treatment, TPH reduced to 645.907 mg kg -1 . The turning rate, pH, moisture content and mass of substrate had 82.79%, 4.36%, 0.48% and 0.046% contributions respectively to the degradation process using land farming treatment. Numerical optimization techniques applied in the optimum point for land farming input parameters to achieve predicted maximum removal of 98.60% were evaluated as pH, mass of substrate, moisture content and turning rate to be 6.01, 1 kg, 10% and 5 times in a week respectively. TPH removed at this optimum point was 97.83% reducing from 5,000 to 635.907 mg kg -1 . The high coefficient of determination (r 2 = 0.9865) as observed in the closeness of predicted and experimental values reflects the reliability of the model and hence, land farming practice with close attention on turning rate as revealed by this study, is recommended for TPH contaminated soil remediation.

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