scholarly journals Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Nasal Cavities of MOUAU Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Onyinyechi J. Omaba ◽  
Chukwuma G. Udensi ◽  
Blessing C. Uwakwe ◽  
Emmanuel K. Amanze ◽  
Ifunaya M. Okoh
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Alternative Choice ◽  
High Level

Aim: To determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nasal cavity of MOUAU students. Methods: The nasal specimens were evaluated using standard microbiological techniques and methicillin resistance test was checked for all isolates of Staphylococcus species by the disc diffusion method. Results: A total of Eleven (11) Staphylococcus aureus isolates were obtained from forty (40) nasal samples of MOUAU students i.e. four (4) from female and seven (7) from male. This study also showed that the highest number and percentage of Staphylococcus aureus isolates was observed in the male nasal samples 7(30.4%), while the lowest isolate was recorded in female nasal samples 4(23.5%). About 21(52.5%) of the 40 samples showed no traces of Staphylococcus specie. However, the drug susceptibility profile of bacterial isolate from nasal samples reveals varying percentage of sensitivity and resistance to the antibiotics. From this study, Ofloxacin (5 mcg) and Gentamicin (10 mcg) exhibited high percentage of sensitivity against the Staphylococus isolates at 10(90.9%) each. Cefuroxime (30 mcg) and Ceftazidime (30 mcg) showed high level of resistance against the Staphylococcus aureus isolates at 11(100%). No resistance to Ofloxacin (5 mcg) was noted. This study also revealed that 72.7% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the nasal cavity of healthy male and female students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (MOUAU), showed multiple resistance to the antibiotics used. Conclusion: This study highlights the need to discourage the misuse of antibiotics and to implement strategies that could help eliminate of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. This will help to prevent severe Staphylococcus aureus infections in our environments. Also, it was report that Ofloxacin (5 mcg) and Gentamicin (10 mcg) antibiotics could be an alternative choice to use and to control MRSA infection as an effective antibacterial agent.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Detection of Methicillin and Inducible Clindamycin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: An Effort to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance and Improve Patient Safety in Gombe, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Mohammed M Manga ◽  
Gloria O Michael ◽  
Aishatu A Julde ◽  
Gidado Muhammad ◽  
Umar M Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Patient Safety ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Improve Patient Safety ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to patient safety. Methicillin and inducible clindamycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus are important multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs). Timely reporting of MDROs is necessary for rational antibiotic prescription and in combating AMR. We present the prevalence and distribution of Methicillin and inducible clindamycin resistant (iCR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Gombe Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 260 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical specimens in Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe (FTHG). Isolates identification was done using conventional biochemical methods. Methicillin resistance was detected by cefoxitin disc diffusion method while iCR isolates by erythromycin and clindamycin disc approximation test (D-test). Data analysis was done using SPSS version 23.0. Results: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected in 178 (68.5%) isolates while 214 (82.3%) were iCR (D-test positive). Among the MRSA, 87.1% were also iCR while 72.4% of the iCR isolates were MRSA. There was significant association between MRSA and iCR (p = 0.03), MRSA and clindamycin resistance (p = 0.05) and MRSA and erythromycin resistance (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Prevalence of MDR Staphylococcus aureus is high in Gombe Nigeria. Antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP) and good Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) are necessary in combating AMR and improving patient safety.

scholarly journals Prevalence of and risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in the West of Iran: a population-based cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Ahmadi ◽  
Mohammad Khojasteh ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Mortazavi ◽  
Fatemeh Khan-Mohammadi ◽  
Ali Kazemnia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
The West ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Disk Diffusion Test ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Abstract Background Several reports designate the recent increase in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) nasal carriage. Because of the scanty information regarding the nasal carriage sate of MRSA in the west of Iran, the purpose of the present study was to determine the frequency of CA-MRSA in Sanandaj city. Methods Swabs collected from anterior nares of 600 volunteers were analyzed for the presence of S. aureus. The isolates were further investigated for methicillin resistance by using the cefoxitin disk diffusion test, followed by PCR-amplification of the mecA gene. SCCmec types and the presence of the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (pvl) encoding genes were determined through PCR. Finally, the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the agar diffusion method. Results Nasal screening identified 181 S. aureus, of which 55 isolates were MRSA. SCCmec types IV and V were detected in MRSA at frequencies of 80 and 20%, respectively. The overall frequency of pvl genes among the MRSA isolates was 14.54%. MRSA isolates were highly susceptible (98.18%) to mupirocin, gentamicin, and fusidic acid. Conclusions The high prevalence of CA-MRSA carriage in the population could pose a serious public health concern for the region. Additionally, advent of drug-resistant pvl-positive strains demands continuous surveillance on the colonization state of CA-MRSA in order to prevent dissemination of the bacterium in the community.

scholarly journals fFrequency of Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus Among Healthcare Workers (HCWs) and Patients in Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Motahare Amirizadeh ◽  
Ali Rahimi ◽  
Maryam Ansari ◽  
Ali AtashAbParvar ◽  
Hosein Hamadiyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Bandar Abbas

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a problematic infectious agent in hospitals as well as in the community. Nasal carriage of healthcare workers (HCWs) and sometimes patients are an important source for transmitting this bacterium to vulnerable individuals. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the frequency of nasal carriage of S. aureus and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of this organism isolated from HCWs and patients at Shahid Mohammadi Hospital in Bandar Abbas, South of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to December 2018. A total of 400 nasal swabs were taken from HCWs and patients to investigate the presence of S. aureus. An antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was carried out using the disc diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Methicillin resistance was determined using cefoxitin disc diffusion and PCR for mecA gene. Agar dilution was performed to determine MIC of vancomycin and mupirocin. Results: Of 130 HCWs, 11 (8.5%) subjects were nasal carriers, of which 5 (45.5%) harbored methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Of 270 patients, 21 (7.8%) patients were nasal carriers, of whom 9 (42.9%) patients were MRSA carriers. Linezolid and vancomycin were the most effective agents, and 100% of isolates were susceptible to these agents. Furthermore, high-level mupirocin-resistant S. aureus (HLMuRSA) was observed in 6.3% of the isolates. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that the rate of nasal carriage among HCWs and patients was lower than global reports. However, the frequency of MRSA was comparable with previously reported ranges and was approximately high. Vancomycin and linezolid are the most effective antimicrobial agents. Appropriate decolonization is recommended for the control of transmission of MRSA to vulnerable individuals.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Clinical Features between Community-Associated and Healthcare-Associated Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusKeratitis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Hsi Hsiao ◽  
Sherine Jue Ong ◽  
Chih-Chun Chuang ◽  
David H. K. Ma ◽  
Yhu-Chering Huang
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital ◽  
Common Risk Factor ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Purpose. To compare the clinical features of community-associated (CA) and healthcare-associated (HA) methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) keratitis.Methods. Patients presenting with culture-proven MRSA keratitis between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2010, at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, were included in this study. The patients’ demographic and clinical information were reviewed retrospectively. Antibiotic susceptibility was verified using the disk diffusion method.Results. Information on 26 patients with MRSA keratitis was collected, including 12 cases of CA-MRSA and 14 cases of HA-MRSA. All MRSA isolates were susceptible to vancomycin; the only difference in drug susceptibility was that CA-MRSA isolates were more susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole than HA-MRSAP=.034. The most common risk factor for MRSA keratitis was ocular surface disease. No significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in terms of clinical features, treatments, and visual outcomes.Conclusion. In Taiwan, CA-MRSA rivals HA-MRSA as a critical cause of MRSA keratitis. Furthermore, CA-MRSA isolates are multidrug resistant. CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA keratitis are clinically indistinguishable, although larger studies are warranted to further evaluate this association.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow milk samples

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2736-2742
Author(s):  
Matlale Phriskey Mphahlele ◽  
James Wabwire Oguttu ◽  
Inge-Marie Petzer ◽  
Daniel Nenene Qekwana
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance ◽  
Milk Samples

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus infections and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in mastitis cases are both of clinical and economic importance. This study investigated the prevalence and AMR patterns of S. aureus isolated from composite milk samples of dairy cows submitted to the Onderstepoort Milk Laboratory for routine diagnosis. Materials and Methods: A total of 2862 cow milk samples randomly selected from submitted samples were tested for the presence of S. aureus using microbiological and biochemical tests. Confirmation of isolates was done using the analytical profile index. Antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus isolates against 12 antimicrobial agents was determined using the disk diffusion method. Results: S. aureus was isolated from 1.7% (50/2862) of the samples tested. All (100%) S. aureus isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, while 62% (31/50) were resistant to three or more categories of antimicrobials (multidrug-resistant [MDR]). Most S. aureus isolates were resistant to erythromycin (62%; 31/50) and ampicillin (62%; 31/50). Almost half of S. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin (46%; 23/50) and only 8% (4/50) were resistant to cefoxitin. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of S. aureus among mastitis cases in this study was low, isolates exhibited high resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides, and penicillins, all of which are important drugs in human medicine. The high prevalence of MDR S. aureus and the presence of methicillin resistance among S. aureus observed in this study are of both clinical and public health concerns.

Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage in Medical Students of Universiti Teknologi MARA

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaini Mohd Zain ◽  
Muhammad Fikri Johari ◽  
Nurul Shahirah Mohd Husin ◽  
Nurul Syamimi Rozman ◽  
Athirah Ab Rashid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Tissue Necrosis ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Panton Valentine Leukocidin

Introduction: To determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage and detection of S. aureus leukotoxins among medical students of Universiti Teknologi MARA. Methods: Both sides of the anterior nares of 136 volunteers, comprising 68 preclinical and 68 clinical medical students, were swabbed and immediately cultured onto mannitol salt agar for growth of S. aureus. Standard microbiological techniques were conducted to identify and confirm the S. aureus colonies and susceptibility test against oxacillin were conducted by using Kirby-Bauer method to determine their resistance to methicillin. Polymerase chain reaction was performed for detection of leukotoxins, i.e., Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) and -haemolysin genes. Results: Nineteen students (14%) consisting of 10 preclinical (14.7%) and 9 clinical (13.2%) were nasal carriers of S. aureus. However, none of the S. aureus isolates were MRSA. No PVL gene was detected but eight of them were positive for -haemolysin gene. Conclusion: There were no MRSA nasal carriers among the medical students, but a low prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriers was detected. These carriers do not pose as high risk because none of the strains of S. aureus possess both the -haemolysin toxin and the PVL toxin that are associated with tissue necrosis.

Fluoroquinolone- and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Insights from the Antimicrobial Resistance Management Program

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G Gums ◽  
Benjamin J Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
The North ◽  
The Us ◽  
Northeast Us

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of infections involving the bloodstream, skin and soft tissue, and lungs in hospitalized patients. These isolates are often multidrug resistant and represent a major therapeutic challenge. Objective: To explore the susceptibilities of S. aureus to nafcillin/oxacillin, a surrogate for methicillin resistance, and the fluoroquinolones and determine whether a relationship might exist between fluoroquinolone use and the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Methods: To date, 353 institutions throughout the US and Puerto Rico have enrolled in the Antimicrobial Resistance Management (ARM) Program, and data have been submitted on nearly 5 million isolates of S. aureus. Isolates submitted from 1990 through 2002 were reviewed for sensitivity to nafcillin/oxacillin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and the fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Results: From 1990 through 2002 inclusive, susceptibility to nafcillin/oxacillin nationally was 64.9% (n = 360,460), ranging from 62.2% in the North Central and Northeast US to 72.8% in the Southwest. Nationally, S. aureus isolates were more resistant to levofloxacin (41.4%, n = 123,868) than ciprofloxacin (38.7%, n = 256,178). The greatest change in susceptibility of S. aureus to nafcillin/oxacillin and ciprofloxacin occurred concurrently from 1998 to 2002, which may implicate fluoroquinolone use with increasing rates of MRSA infection. Conclusions: Resistance to methicillin and the fluoroquinolones has increased in concert during the past 5 years. Collectively, data from the ARM Program, along with several other investigations, support a role of fluoroquinolone use in the emergence of MRSA. These observations, along with increasing resistance among gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, underscore the need for judicious use of fluoroquinolones.

Investigation of the antibiotic resistance of staphylococcus species isolated from foods

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 3372-3382
Author(s):  
Brigitta Horváth ◽  
Ferenc Peles ◽  
Judit Gasparikné Reichardt ◽  
Edit Pocklán ◽  
Rita Sipos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Maldi Tof Ms ◽  
Maldi Tof ◽  
Tof Ms

The presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains in the food chain has been confirmed by several studies in the European Union, but there are only limited data available in Hungary. The objective of the present study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus strains isolated from foods, using classical microbiological, molecular biological methods and the MALDI-TOF-MS technique, as well as the multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of antibiotic resistant strains. During the study, 47 coagulase-positive (CPS) and 30 coagulase-negative (CNS) Staphylococcus isolates were collected. In the course of the MALDI-TOF-MS investigations, all CPS isolates (n=47) were found to be S. aureus species, while 8 different species were identified in the case of the CNS strains. Methicillin resistance was confirmed in two S. aureus strains, one of which had a sequence type not yet known, while the other MRSA strain was type ST398, which is the most common type of MRSA strain isolated from farm animals in the EU/EEA. (The abbreviation “MRSA” is often used in common parlance, but occasionally in the literature to denote “multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus”. In the authors’ manuscript - the methicillin-resistant pathogen is correctly designated as such. Ed.)

scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: risk factors and clinical outcome in non-intensive-care units

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karinne Spirandelli Carvalho Naves ◽  
Natália Vaz da Trindade ◽  
Paulo Pinto Gontijo Filho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus Bloodstream Infection

INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is spread out in hospitals across different regions of the world and is regarded as the major agent of nosocomial infections, causing infections such as skin and soft tissue pneumonia and sepsis. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for methicillin-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (BSI) and the predictive factors for death. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of fifty-one patients presenting bacteraemia due to S. aureus between September 2006 and September 2008 was analysed. Staphylococcu aureus samples were obtained from blood cultures performed by clinical hospital microbiology laboratory from the Uberlândia Federal University. Methicillinresistance was determined by growth on oxacillin screen agar and antimicrobial susceptibility by means of the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: We found similar numbers of MRSA (56.8%) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (43.2%) infections, and the overall hospital mortality ratio was 47%, predominantly in MRSA group (70.8% vs. 29.2%) (p=0.05). Age (p=0.02) was significantly higher in MRSA patients as also was the use of central venous catheter (p=0.02). The use of two or more antimicrobial agents (p=0.03) and the length of hospital stay prior to bacteraemia superior to seven days (p=0.006) were associated with mortality. High odds ratio value was observed in cardiopathy as comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Despite several risk factors associated with MRSA and MSSA infection, the use of two or more antimicrobial agents was the unique independent variable associated with mortality.

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