Investigation on Synthesis of Trimethylolpropane (TMP) Ester from Non-edible Oil

Trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester is an eco-friendly lubricant that fully biodegradable and known as bio lubricant. In this study, TMP ester was produced from waste cooking oil and rubber seed oil through a two-step synthesis approach. The reaction is two stages transesterifications, in which the waste cooking oil and the rubber seed oil were first transesterified with methanol to produce methyl ester, followed by transesterification with TMP using para-Toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) as catalyst. Various effects of operating conditions were observed, such as reaction time, temperature and molar ratio of reactants. The TMP ester formation was determined based on the quantity of reactant conversion. The synthesized TMP ester was compared and characterized according to their properties. The results showed that the TMP ester from waste cooking oil (WCO) has shown better conversion compare to TMP ester from rubber seed oil (RSO), within a similar operating condition. The highest TMP ester conversion from WCO is 71%, at temperature of 150 ºC with molar ratio of FAME to TMP of 3:1 and catalyst amount of 2% (wt/wt). In addition, these polyol based esters from WCO and RSO exhibit appropriate basic properties for viscosity when compare with requirement standard of lubricant ISO VG46. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

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Comparative Study of physicochemical and rheological property of waste cooking oil, castor oil, rubber seed oil, their methyl esters and blends with mineral diesel fuel

Materials Science for Energy Technologies ◽

10.1016/j.mset.2021.03.004 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Atanu Kumar Paul ◽

Venu Babu Borugadda ◽

Ali Shemsedin Reshad ◽

Machhindra S. Bhalerao ◽

Pankaj Tiwari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheological Property ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Diesel Fuel ◽

Castor Oil ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Rubber Seed Oil ◽

Rubber Seed ◽

Cooking Oil

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Experimental investigations to predict optimistic biodiesel(s) and its optimistic operating conditions by varying ignition delay period and fuel spray pressures for lower emissions and better performance

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science ◽

10.1177/0954406220917693 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 234 (19) ◽

pp. 3890-3902

Author(s):

Vishal V Patil ◽

Ranjit S Patil

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Ignition Delay ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Delay Period ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Experimental Investigations ◽

Rubber Seed Oil ◽

Rubber Seed ◽

Neem Seed Oil ◽

Ignition Delay Period

In this study, different characteristics of sustainable renewable biodiesels (those have a high potential of their production worldwide and in India) were compared with the characteristics of neat diesel to determine optimistic biodiesel for the diesel engine at 250 bar spray pressure. Optimistic fuel gives a comparatively lower level of emissions and better performance than other selected fuels in the study. Rubber seed oil methyl ester was investigated as an optimistic fuel among the other selected fuels such as sunflower oil methyl ester, neem seed oil methyl ester, and neat diesel. To enhance the performance characteristics and to further decrease the level of emission characteristics of fuel ROME, further experiments were conducted at higher spray (injection) pressures of 500 bar, 625 bar, and 750 bar with varying ignition delay period via varying its spray timings such as 8°, 13°, 18°, 23°, 28°, and 33° before top dead center. Spray pressure 250 bar at 23° before top dead center was investigated as an optimistic operating condition where fuel rubber seed oil methyl ester gives negligible hydrocarbon emissions (0.019 g/kW h) while its nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions were about 70% lesser than those observed with neat diesel, respectively.

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TRANSESTERIFIKASI MINYAK BIJI KARET (Hevea brasiliensis) MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS HETEROGEN CANGKANG KEPITING LIMBAH SEAFOOD TERMODIFIKASI K2O

Jurnal Kimia ◽

10.24843/jchem.2019.v13.i01.p01 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. K. D. Astuti ◽

I N. Simpen ◽

I W. Suarsa

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽

Hevea Brasiliensis ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Crab Shell ◽

Rubber Seed Oil ◽

Rubber Seed

The CaO heterogeneous catalysts can be prepared by CaCO3 calcination process, with one source of CaCO3 being a crab shell from seafood waste. The preparation of the heterogeneous catalyst was successfully carried out by modification with KOH using a wet impregnation method at 800oC for 5 hours. The purpose of this research is to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of heterogeneous catalyst of K2O-modified crab shell and to examine the heterogeneous catalyst of K2O-modified shells in converting rubber seed oil into biodiesel. The results showed that the lowest basic alkalinity possessed without modified catalyst (1.0428 mmol g-1) and the highest alkali possessed potassium-modified catalyst (1.8314 mmol g-1). Characterization of specific surface area of ??crab shells without and with modified K2O were relatively the same. The surface morphology of the catalyst without and K2O modified was uniform. The catalyst examination results for conversion of rubber seed oil (Hevea brasiliensis) to biodiesel, the optimum catalyst concentration of 3% and the molar ratio of oil:methanol of 1:9 capable converting to biodiesel with the yield of 91.05%. The content of biodiesel were stearic methyl ester, linoleic methyl ester, linolenic methyl ester, and palmitic methyl ester.

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Biodiesel Production From Crude Rubber Seed Oil Using Supercritical Methanol Transesterification

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.781.655 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 781 ◽

pp. 655-658 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thakun Sawiwat ◽

Somjai Kajorncheappunngam

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Supercritical Methanol ◽

Rubber Seed Oil ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Rubber Seed ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis

Synthesis of biodiesel from rubber seed oil using a supercritical methanol was investigated under various reaction conditions (220 - 300°C, 80 - 180 bar) with reaction time of 1-15 min and oil:methanol molar ratio of 1:20 - 1:60. Free fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Most properties of produced biodiesel were in good agreement with biodiesel standard (EN 14214). The maximum FAME yield of 86.90% was obtained at 260°C, 160 bar, 5 min reaction time using oil:methanol molar ratio of 1:40. The result showed the acid value of rubber seed oil decreased to 0.58 mgKOH/g from initial 24 mgKOH/g to. It could be concluded from this findings that crude rubber seed oil is a promising alternative raw material for biodiesel synthesis via supercritical methanol tranesterification.

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Optimization of Biodiesel Production Using Nanomagnetic CaO-Based Catalysts with Subcritical Methanol Transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12020230 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 230 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Veronica Winoto ◽

Nuttawan Yoswathana

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Rubber Seed Oil ◽

Box Behnken Design ◽

Rubber Seed

The molar ratio of methanol to rubber seed oil (RSO), catalyst loading, and the reaction time of RSO biodiesel production were optimized in this work. The response surface methodology, using the Box–Behnken design, was analyzed to determine the optimum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield. The performance of various nanomagnetic CaO-based catalysts—KF/CaO-Fe3O4, KF/CaO-Fe3O4-Li (Li additives), and KF/CaO-Fe3O4-Al (Al additives)—were compared. Rubber seed biodiesel was produced via the transesterification process under subcritical methanol conditions with nanomagnetic catalysts. The experimental results indicated that the KF/CaO-Fe3O4-Al nanomagnetic catalyst produced the highest FAME yield of 86.79%. The optimum conditions were a 28:1 molar ratio of methanol to RSO, 1.5 wt % catalyst, and 49 min reaction time. Al additives of KF/CaO-Fe3O4 nanomagnetic catalyst enhanced FAME yield without Al up to 18.17% and shortened the reaction time by up to 11 min.

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Preparation of Biodiesel from Crude Rubber Seed Oil by Alkaline Transesterification

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.133 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 581-582 ◽

pp. 133-137

Author(s):

Hong Wang ◽

Yan Lin Sun ◽

Li Zhang

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Yunnan Province ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Rubber Seed Oil ◽

Rubber Seed ◽

Optimum Technique ◽

Acid Catalyzed

Abstract: This paper is focused on the preparation of biodiesel from crude rubber seed oil with high free fatty acids (FFA) content. The rubber seeds were collected in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province. Two-step synthesis was selected to obtain the product, that is, acid catalyzed esterification was carried out first to decrease the FFA content, then methyl esters of fatty acids can be formed by alkaline transesterification. The reaction conditions of alkaline transesterification were investigated. The results show that the optimum technique is to carry out the reaction at 60°C for 1.5h, with the methanol-to-oil molar ratio 6:1, the catalyst amount 1.0% (g NaOH/ g oil). The yield can reach 75%. GC analysis shows the content of methyl esters of fatty acids is 82.29%. Some properties of biodiesel prepared are also presented.

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Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide derived from eggshell as catalyst – optimization and modeling studies

Green Processing and Synthesis ◽

10.1515/gps-2019-0011 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 430-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

A.V.S.L. Sai Bharadwaj ◽

Madhu Singh ◽

S. Niju ◽

K.M. Meera Sheriffa Begum ◽

N. Anantharaman

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Rubber Seed Oil ◽

Rubber Seed ◽

H Nmr ◽

Marquardt Algorithm ◽

Artificial Neural Network Ann

Abstract In the present study, Calcium oxide (CaO) obtained from eggshells has been used as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from highly viscous non-edible rubber seed oil (RSO). Characterization of synthesized catalyst was done with the help of scanning electron microscope equipped with Energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the process parameters and 1H-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy analysis was performed to find the conversion of RSO to biodiesel. A conversion of 99.7% of RSO to biodiesel was obtained at 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 4 (wt%) of catalyst, and 3 hour reaction time with a quadratic regression model of R2 of value 0.9566 was obtained. The composition of prepared biodiesel is estimated with the help of Gas Chromatogram-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was also trained to predict biodiesel conversion and the value of R2 obtained was 0.9976. It was observed that predicted conversion values from ANN were better when compared to prediction using RSM.

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