Swimming Attenuates Blood Pressure and Oxidative Stress in Hypertensive Rats

Hypertension presents one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases which are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Structural and mechanical changes of the heart and blood vessels as well as overproduction of reactive oxygen species may occur due to the increased blood pressure. Therewith, the goal of our study was to estimate the effects and duration of swimming as a possible therapy approach on blood pressure and oxidative stress parameters in normotensive and hypertensive rats. The study was conducted on 60 male Wistar albino rats divided into two groups, normotensive and hypertensive rats. Each of these groups was divided into three subgroups according to the swimming protocol. The swimming training was kept constant (60 min/day, for five days a week) with two days of rest. After six or nine weeks of the swimming protocol, blood pressure and oxidative stress markers were measured. The control group rats were put in water for one minute a day, in order to avoid water-induced stress. Training significantly reduced systolic blood pressure in hypertensive rats, while diastolic pressure did not change in the group that swam six or nine weeks. The results showed that swimming increases the activity of all measured antioxidative parameters, while values of prooxidants varied depending on the training protocol. Our results confirmed that swimming, as an aerobic exercise, decreases blood pressure and has time-dependent positive system adaptations, especially on the antioxidant parameters.

The Unwanted Heritage of Prefabricated Wartime Air Raid Shelters—Underground Space Regeneration Feasibility for Urban Agriculture to Enhance Neighbourhood Community Engagement

The article deals with the problematic heritage associated with the system of Nazi German underground air raid shelters currently located within the Polish state, in the Baltic port city of Szczecin. The unwanted heritage has been inventoried, archival materials collected, and comparative analyses made of ways in which the underground space can be revitalised. An attempt was made to develop a typology of existing shelters and their locations. In order to overcome the negative associations with the warlike military space, positive system solutions were sought for the productive use of existing concrete structures located underground in central, easily accessible areas of the city districts. A process of upcycling the space was used to make ecologically efficient use of the material resources contained in the shelters. In order to activate the local community, a modular, hydroponic plant-growing system, adapted to the prefabricated spaces of the historical air raid shelters, was proposed. In this way, the central location of the underground structures within the boundaries of residential neighbourhoods was exploited. Such action strengthens the food sovereignty of the inhabitants, initiates bottom-up activity within the boundaries of the neighbourhood unit, and builds social ties in the spirit of a regenerative economy and positive sustainability.

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Contributes to the Development of Delayed Neuroinflammation

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> In recent years, according to the literature, the problem of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has become more and more urgent. Compared to moderate to severe craniocerebral trauma, mTBI occurs in a far greater number of people. The delayed sequelae caused by a single mTBI or multiple mTBIs are a significant public health problem. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A weight-drop model was used for the formation of mTBI. A metal rod weighing 337 g with a blunt tip of 3 mm diameter was uplifted at 8 cm height and held by a lever. The trauma was created by lowering the lever and the rod and free-dropping onto the rat skull. In the cerebral cortex of experimental animals, we analyzed the level of microglial activity (Iba-1-positive system) and the expression of pro-inflammatory markers (IL1β, IL6, and CD86). Also, the expression level of the endocannabinoid system receptor (cannabinoid receptor type 1 [CB1]) was assessed in brain samples. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Experiments have shown that mTBI increases (1) the amount of microglia (iba-1) activated by the pro-inflammatory pathway (CD86); (2) the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1β and IL6; and (3) CB1R activity. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Overall, the results of this study indicate that mTBI induces a sustained neuroinflammatory response.

İSLAM EDEBİYATI KAVRAMI VE YAPISI

Since the concept of Islamic Literature was introduced at the Kalenho Meeting in India in 1981 and the Islamic Literature Dialogue Conference at the Islamic University of Medina in 1982, it has sparked opposition and questioning, even among university staff and some colleagues. Faculty members at the aforementioned university were taken aback by the term and saw it as an alternative to Arabic Literature or as an aggression against it. Islamic Literature; It is neither Linguistic Literature, National Literature, Folk Literature, nor is it purely Islamic like the Qur'an, revelation, hijra or others, nor is it an ideological literature considering that ideology is a complete positive system, nor is it the literature of a certain time, a certain sect. All of these qualities fall under the term Islamic Literature.

Quadratic Stabilization of Linear Uncertain Positive Discrete-Time Systems

The paper provides extended methods for control linear positive discrete-time systems that are subject to parameter uncertainties, reflecting structural system parameter constraints and positive system properties when solving the problem of system quadratic stability. By using an extension of the Lyapunov approach, system quadratic stability is presented to become apparent in pre-existing positivity constraints in the design of feedback control. The approach prefers constraints representation in the form of linear matrix inequalities, reflects the diagonal stabilization principle in order to apply to positive systems the idea of matrix parameter positivity, applies observer-based linear state control to assert closed-loop system quadratic stability and projects design conditions, allowing minimization of an undesirable impact on matching parameter uncertainties. The method is utilised in numerical examples to illustrate the technique when applying the above strategy.

Permanent Grant of Land Certificate for Adat People, is it Possible?

Adat peoples mean the original inhabitants or the first inhabitants of a country or the earliest population's descendants lived in the area. All this time, adat people in Indonesia have always been marginalized and banished from their homeland. Companies that acquired investment permits from the government often dismiss the adat peoples for their interests. This dismissal occurs due to the absence of proof for the collective land ownership (ulayat land), which is used and utilized collectively and communally. This article discusses the possibility of permanently grant the land certificates to provide legal protection for the adat peoples. Granting a certificate of land rights is possible if the government changes the land registration system from the negative to the positive system (torrens system). Adat peoples may acquire land certificates if they are considered as a legal entity. According to Indonesian law, only individuals or legal entities can register ownership of land. To make adat people a legal entity is by making regulations by the Minister of Agrarian and Spatial Planning which states that adat people in certain areas who have met the requirements are declared as legal entities.