Motivational Factors Underlying the Intention Of Herbal Soap Entrepreneurs To Obtain Halal Certificate In Malaysia

The goal of this study is to determine the motivation factors underlying Herbal soap entrepreneurs‘ intention to obtain Halal certificate in Malaysia. This is a quantitative study that employs questionnaires as a research tool and uses Dimaggio and Powell's (1983) model on institutional theory to study the intention of Herbal soap entrepreneur in getting Halal certificate. The study predicted that there are positive links between Malaysian Herbal soap entrepreneurs’ motivation factors (coercive isomorphism, normative isomorphism and mimetic isomorphism) and the intention to obtain a Halal certificate. This study will have significant implications for various Halal stakeholders. Furthermore, despite the fact that many studies have focused primarily on the Halal food sector, there is a need for more research into the Halal Herbal soap market. More empirical and non-empirical research is needed to reveal more concerns with Halal certification in the Herbal soap industry.

Utilization process research of the soap industry acid waste water with high carbonate phosphorite of central Kyzylkum

In the study, the process neutralization acid waster water from soapstock processing by high calcareous phosphorite of Central Kyzylkum at temperature 60 ºC by drainless technology was investigated. As a result, digested forms of P2O5 by citric acid and Trilon B in final products were ranged 30.28-50.43 and 25.58-39.93%, respectively. Those types of products can be used under autumn chill.

Effect of Environmental Factors on Successful in vitro Morphogenesis of Madhuca longifolia

Madhuca longifolia is a commercially important tree species commonly known as mahua. The livelihood of large populations of tribal people depends on collection of its flowers and seeds. Almost all the parts of Mahua are utilized in diversified uses like in industry as artificial sweetner, biodiesel, food products, in soap industry etc. In the present study, a successful attempt was made to establish in vitro cultures of Mahua from nodal segments and factors influencing in vitro morphogenesis were evaluated as propagation through seeds and cuttings encounters problems. Axillary bud break (64.44%) was successfully achieved by culturing nodal segments on Murashige and Skoogs (MS) medium supplemented with 3 mg l-1Benzyladenine (BA) in nodal explants collected during the months ofJuly-September (rainy season).Shoot multiplication with maximum number of shoots, maximum number of leaves and longest shoots was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg l-1 BA when a subculture cycle of 30 days was followed. On MS medium supplemented with 2 mg l-1 Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA), in vitro excised shoots were successfully rooted (55.55%) after 40 days. A two step method was employed for successful hardening of rooted plantlets. Firstly, the plantlets were transferred for one week in 1/2 strength of MS liquid medium. Then, the plantlets were transferred to root trainers containing soilrite soaked with inorganic salts of ½ strength MS medium. The hardened plantlets were acclimatized firstly in a mist chamber and then in polybags in shade house. The present study provides an effective means for in vitro shoot regeneration and plantlet formation through nodal segments of Madhuca longifolia, a commercially important tropical tree with multifarious uses.

Variation in morphometric characters, germination and oil content of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. seeds collected from various provenances of Odisha, India

The wide distribution of Terminalia bellirica in natural forests of Odisha has a good opportunity to identify better genotypes with higher oil yielding potential. The study related to variation in oil content, morphometric characters and germination of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. seeds was carried out in nine provenances viz. Deogan, Bolangir Kasturi Bahal, Narada, Kantamal, Jeypore, Gunupur, Kuchinda and Ghatikia of Odisha (India) keeping in the importance of the seed oil for biodiesel production, soap industry and medicinal values. T. bellirica is widely distributed in Odisha with gregarious fruiting of which most of the fruits remain unused except used as myrobalan for medicinal purposes. It revealed that Kantamal provenance expressed highest fruits length (3.87cm) and 100 fruit weight (1340.17gm), 100 seed weight(649.05gm) and 100 kernel weight(99.43gm) with maximum oil yield which can be taken up for further improvement study. However, the progeny testing at nursey level was also found to have the same provenance performing best for germination and seedling characters.

Potential Use of Lipid Waste Industrial Residues for Lipase, Phospholipase and Bio surfactant Production Using a Newly Isolated Bacillus Safensis Strain

The aim of this work was to produce lipases by a newly bacterial strain using as substrate, reach lipid waste by products from oil refining or commercially soap industry. For the fermentation tests, two substrates were investigated to produce lipases: soap stock (solid lipid waste from an oil refining industry) and glycerin (liquid lipid waste from soap industry). The higher level lipases production was obtained with the soap stock as the sole carbon source. Different parameters such as pH, temperature of the medium and incubation time were optimized. A correlation was also obtained between detected lipolytic activity and reduction of surface tension in the culture medium. The surface tension decreased from 50 to 25.7 mN/m indicating that biosurfactants were produced in the culture medium. As soap stock contains phospholipids molecules, this by product also enhances phospholipases production by the newly Bacillus safensis strain.

Extraction, Physicochemical Characteristics and Fatty Acids Profile of Kernel Oil from Mangifera indica L. Cultivated in Sudan

Aims: This study was aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties and fatty acids composition of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel oil; in addition to investigating the effect of solvent type and extraction duration on extracts properties. Study Design: Extraction of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel oil in different trials under the same conditions using two different solvents for different time of extraction, and determining their physicochemical properties and fatty acids constituents. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Applied and Industrial chemistry International University of Africa (IUA), Khartoum, Sudan, between July and November 2019. Methodology: The oil from Mangifera indica L. seed kernel was extracted using n-hexane and petroleum ether in a soxhlet apparatus for 4 and 7 h. the physicochemical properties of the extracted oils were determined using standard official methods. Fatty acid profile of n-hexane extract was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) after methylation. Results: n-Hexane exhibits better extraction efficiency (11.40±0.66% for 7 h) than petroleum ether (10.80±0.44% for 7 h). The density and refractive index of the oil were 0.89±0.01 g/cm3 and 1.46 ± 0.01 at 28ºC respectively. The physicochemical properties of n-Hexane and petroleum ether extracts were acid value (3.35±0.54 and 2.52±0.13 mg KOH/g oil), peroxide value (4.32±0.65 and 5.11±1.03 meq O2/kg), saponification value (201.05±0.95 and 198.66±1.04 mg KOH/g oil), ester value (197.59±0.67 and 192.54±0.20 mg KOH/g oil) respectively. The statistical analysis of obtained data revealed no significant difference, at 95% confidence interval, between the standard deviation and the mean of two data sets of physicochemical properties of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel oils extracted with the two solvents used. GC/MS analysis revealed a total of 18 fatty acids were identified in which the majors are stearic acid (39.79%), oleic acid (36.77%), palmitic acid (10.34%), linoleic acid (6.02%) and eicosanoic acid (3.83%). Conclusion: The results suggest that mango seed kernel contains stable oil which can be potentially extracted by n-hexane; however, the solvent type has no significant effect on the physicochemical properties of the extracted oil and has the potential usefulness to be used in soap industry.

Ein Erziehungskartell zur «Heilung der Geister»? Ludwig Erhards Bundeswirtschaftsministerium und die gescheiterte Wettbewerbsordnung der Konsumseifenindustrie von 1954/55

This article deals with a case study from competition policy and decartelization in West Germany in the early to mid 1950 s. Whereas much research has focused on the discussions about the German cartel law of 1958 and its long process of formation, this article takes a closer look at the possibilities that Ludwig Erhard and his Ministry of Economics already had under the Allied Laws of 1947 that remained in place until 1957. This is demonstrated by a case study about the soap cartel of 1954/55. While Erhard and most of his civil servants were aware that this cartel would not be able to solve the soap industry’s problems, they still decided to push the Allied authorities towards approving it to demonstrate the inadequacy of cartelization. Thereby, they dealt a blow to those leaders of industry associations arguing against a strict ban on cartels. One of Erhard’s most influential opponents, Fritz Berg, had praised the soap cartel, which allowed more internal competition than simple price fixing cartels, as a model for future cartels and an example proving the disadvantages of a flat-out cartel ban. By letting the cartel fail under the conditions of a rapidly modernizing market instead of banning it, Erhard dealt a major blow to Berg’s argument. This way, Berg and his allies could not blame the failure of the soap industry on decartelization.