Complete genome resources for Xylella fastidiosa strains AlmaEM3 and BB08-1 reveal prophage-associated structural variation among blueberry-infecting strains.

Xylella fastidiosa is a gram-negative plant pathogenic bacterium with wide geographical distribution and host range. X. fastidiosa strains are separated into genetically distinct subspecies, and further categorized into sequence types (ST). Genetic characterization of X. fastidiosa strains infecting blueberry has revealed that strains of subspecies multiplex and fastidiosa are capable of causing bacterial leaf scorch disease of blueberry under field conditions. To better elucidate the relationships among blueberry-infecting X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex strains, we completed the genomes of an ST 42 strain, AlmaEM3, and a ST 43 strain, BB08-1, using a hybrid assembly approach. Comparison of these assemblies reveals a large (0.95 Mb) chromosomal inversion in BB08-1 relative to AlmaEM3 and the reference strain M12, likely resulting from recombination between prophage regions.

High-quality complete genome resource of plant pathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum strain Green1 isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Greenland

Pectobacterium atrosepticum is a narrow host range pectinolytic plant pathogenic bacterium causing blackleg of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) worldwide. Till present, several P. atrosepticum genomes have been sequenced and characterized in detail; all of these genomes have come, however, from P. atrosepticum strains isolates from plants grown in temperate zones, not from hosts cultivated under different climatic conditions. Herewith, we present the first complete, high-quality genome of the P. atrosepticum strain Green1 isolated from potato plants grown under subarctic climate in Greenland. The genome of P. atrosepticum strain Green1 consists of one chromosome of 4,959,719 bp., with a GC content of 51% and no plasmids. The genome contains 4531 annotated features, including 4179 protein-coding genes (CDSs), 22 rRNA genes, 70 tRNA genes, 8 ncRNA genes, 2 CRISPRs and 126 pseudogenes. We believe that the information of this first, high-quality, complete, closed genome of P. atrosepticum strain isolated from host plant grown in subarctic agricultural region will provide resources for comparative genomic studies and for analyses targeting climatic adaptation and ecological fitness mechanisms present in P. atrosepticum.

Dickeya solani D s0432-1 produces an arsenal of secondary metabolites with anti-prokaryotic and anti-eukaryotic activities against bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and aphids.

The necrotrophic plant pathogenic bacterium Dickeya solani is a new invader of potato agrosystem in Europe. All isolated strains of D. solani contain several large polyketide/fatty acid/non-ribosomal peptide synthetase clusters. Analogy with genes described in other bacteria, suggests that two clusters are involved in the production of secondary metabolites of the oocydin and zeamine family. In this study, we constructed by an approach of reverse genetics mutants affected in the three secondary metabolite clusters ssm, ooc and zms in order to compare the phenotype of the D. solani strain D s0432-1 with its derived mutants. We demonstrated that the zeamine cluster inhibits growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is also implicated in a toxicity against aphids. The oocydin cluster inhibits growth of fungi of the phylum Ascomycota. Finally, we unveiled the function of a new secondary metabolite cluster (ssm, for solani secondary metabolite), only conserved in some Dickeya species. This cluster produces a secondary metabolite inhibiting yeasts. D. solani therefore produces several molecules that are toxic to a wide range of living and potentially interacting organisms, from bacteria to insects. The expression of these secondary metabolite pathways could contribute to the rapid spread of D. solani in Europe.

Comparative genome analysis reveals the presence of multiple quorum-sensing systems in plant pathogenic bacterium, Erwinia rhapontici

We present the complete genome sequences of three Erwinia rhapontici strains, MAFF 311153, 311154, and 311155. These chromosome sequences contained variety types of luxI/luxR gene pair involved in acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) biosynthesis and reception. Large-scale insertion sequence was observed in the indigenous plasmid of MAFF 311154 and contained eraI3/eraR3 gene pair which make possible to produce acylhomoserine lactone.

High-quality complete genome resource of plant pathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum strain Green1 isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Greenland

Pectobacterium atrosepticum is a narrow host range pectinolytic plant pathogenic bacterium causing blackleg of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) worldwide. Till present, several P. atrosepticum genomes have been sequenced and characterized in detail; all of these genomes have come, however, from P. atrosepticum strains isolates from plants grown in temperate zones, not from hosts cultivated under different climatic conditions. Herewith, we present the first complete, high-quality genome of the P. atrosepticum strain Green1 isolated from potato plants grown under subarctic climate in Greenland. The genome of P. atrosepticum strain Green1 consists of one chromosome of 4,959,719 bp., with a GC content of 51% and no plasmids. The genome contains 4531 annotated features, including 4179 protein-coding genes (CDSs), 22 rRNA genes, 70 tRNA genes, 8 ncRNA genes, 2 CRISPRs and 126 pseudogenes. We believe that the information of this first, high-quality, complete, closed genome of P. atrosepticum strain isolated from host plant grown in subarctic agricultural region will provide resources for comparative genomic studies and for analyses targeting climatic adaptation and ecological fitness mechanisms present in P. atrosepticum.

High-quality complete genome resource of plant pathogenic bacterium Dickeya solani strain IPO 2019 isolated from Hyacinthus orientalis

Dickeya solani is an emerging plant pathogenic bacterium, causing disease symptoms in a variety of agriculturally relevant crop species worldwide. To date a number of D. solani genomes have been sequenced and characterized, the great majority of these genomes have however come from D. solani strains isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and not from other plant hosts. Herewith, we present the first complete, high-quality genome of D. solani strain IPO 2019 (LMG 25990) isolated from ornamental plant Hyacinthus orientalis. The genome of D. solani strain IPO 2019 consists of one chromosome of 4,919,542 bp., with a GC content of 56.2% and no plasmids. The genome contains 4502 annotated features, 22 rRNA genes, 73 tRNA genes and 1 CRISPRS. We believe that the information of this high-quality, complete, closed genome of D. solani strain isolated from host plant different than potato (i.e. hyacinth) will provide resources for comparative genomic studies as well as for analyses targeting adaptation and ecological fitness mechanisms present in Dickeya solani species.

High-quality complete genome resource of plant pathogenic bacterium Dickeya solani strain IPO 2019 isolated from Hyacinthus orientalis

Dickeya solani is an emerging plant pathogenic bacterium, causing disease symptoms in a variety of agriculturally relevant crop species worldwide. To date a number of D. solani genomes have been sequenced and characterized, the great majority of these genomes have however come from D. solani strains isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and not from other plant hosts. Herewith, we present the first complete, high-quality genome of D. solani strain IPO 2019 (LMG 25990) isolated from ornamental plant Hyacinthus orientalis. The genome of D. solani strain IPO 2019 consists of one chromosome of 4,919,542 bp., with a GC content of 56.2% and no plasmids. The genome contains 4502 annotated features, 22 rRNA genes, 73 tRNA genes and 1 CRISPRS. We believe that the information of this high-quality, complete, closed genome of D. solani strain isolated from host plant different than potato (i.e. hyacinth) will provide resources for comparative genomic studies as well as for analyses targeting adaptation and ecological fitness mechanisms present in Dickeya solani species.

Sinomenine Alleviates Severe Acute Pancreatitis by Regulating Janus Kinase 2/Signal Transducer and Transcriptional Activator 3 Signaling Pathway

Severe acute pancreatitis is a disease associated with high mortality. Proinflammatory cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis. Therefore, reducing the secretion of proinflammatory factors may improve the condition. Sinomenine, a bioactive alkaloid extracted from Rhizoctonia solanacearum, a soil-borne plant pathogenic bacterium with global distribution, has been shown to exhibit numerous pharmacological effects including inflammationinduced apoptosis. Using an animal model of severe acute pancreatitis, we have shown sinomenine to inhibit apoptosis of pancreatic tissues. Our data also support involvement of JAK2/STAT3 pathway in sinomenine-modulated alleviation of severe acute pancreatitis. We therefore support the notion that sinomenine could serve as a promising therapeutic drug for severe acute pancreatitis treatment.