PLANT HEIGHT CONTROL OF HYACINTHUS ORIENTALIS BY GIBBERELLIN INHIBITORS

In this study, effect of gibberellin inhibtors as preplant bulb soaks on plant height of Hyacinthus orientalis cv. ‘Jan Bos’ grown in pots were investigated. Bulbs of hyacints were soaked in flurprimidol at 0, 10, 20 ppm and paclobutrazol at 0, 100, 200 ppm before planting. Effect of gibberellin inhibitors on the flowering time, flower diameter and length, leaf length, plant height, flower life, chlorophyll content of leaves were determined. In addition, after hyacints grown in pots in the greenhouse arrived at the sales stage to determine the changes that occur in the plant height, plants were taken to the laboratory where temperature was held constant at 20 °C. The shortest plant height was obtained from the 200 ppm paclobutrazol and 20 ppm flurprimidol treatment as given bulb soaks. In this treatments, plant heihgt was 7.33 and 8.61 cm and were 49% , 41% shorter than untreated control. The lower dose of 10 ppm flurprimidol and 100 ppm paclobutrazol were also effective on height control with 9.11 and 9.71 cm plant height, respectively. Gibberellin inhibitors also shortened leaf lenght. Flurprimidol and paclobutrazol treatments resulted in higher chlorophyll content per unit area in the leaves than untreated controls. The highest chlorophyll contetnt was obtained from the plants treated 200 ppm paclobutrazol with 83.36 CCI (Chlorophyll content index), while the control was 50.56 CCI. The effects of treatments on plant height were maintained in lab conditions (home-office). The shortest plant height was obtained from 200 paclobutrazol treatment with 9.75 cm, while the control was 21.5 cm during post production period.

High-quality complete genome resource of plant pathogenic bacterium Dickeya solani strain IPO 2019 isolated from Hyacinthus orientalis

Dickeya solani is an emerging plant pathogenic bacterium, causing disease symptoms in a variety of agriculturally relevant crop species worldwide. To date a number of D. solani genomes have been sequenced and characterized, the great majority of these genomes have however come from D. solani strains isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and not from other plant hosts. Herewith, we present the first complete, high-quality genome of D. solani strain IPO 2019 (LMG 25990) isolated from ornamental plant Hyacinthus orientalis. The genome of D. solani strain IPO 2019 consists of one chromosome of 4,919,542 bp., with a GC content of 56.2% and no plasmids. The genome contains 4502 annotated features, 22 rRNA genes, 73 tRNA genes and 1 CRISPRS. We believe that the information of this high-quality, complete, closed genome of D. solani strain isolated from host plant different than potato (i.e. hyacinth) will provide resources for comparative genomic studies as well as for analyses targeting adaptation and ecological fitness mechanisms present in Dickeya solani species.

Immunomodulatory and Anticancer Activities of Hyacinthus orientalis L.: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Hyacinthus orientalis L. (family Hyacinthaceae) is traditionally used to treat different diseases including cancer. In this study, the anticancer and immunomodulatory effects of this plant were evaluated. Hydroalcoholic extract was prepared, and different solvent fractions were obtained using solvent–solvent extraction. In the anticancer part, MTT assay and caspase-3 ELISA kits were used to measure the antiproliferative and apoptosis induction ability for each extract, respectively. In the immunomodulatory part, lymphocyte proliferation assay and cytokines detection kit were used to measure the effect of extracts of acquired immunity. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis induction were used to evaluate the effect of extracts on the innate immunity. GC–MS, LC–MS, and Foline–Ciocalteu assays were used to identify the chemical composition of the plant. Balb/C mice were inoculated with breast cancer and treated with hydroalcoholic extract of H. orientalis L. Results showed that hydroalcoholic extract and n-hexane fraction were highly effective in apoptosis induction. Both extract and fraction were also effective in stimulating lymphocytes proliferation and phagocytosis. Significant reduction in tumor size was achieved after treating tumor-bearing mice with hydroalcoholic extract. Additionally, high cure percentages (50%) were obtained in treated mice. Results of this study showed that H. orientalis L. has promising anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. However, further studies are needed to explore more details of apoptosis induction ability and other mechanisms of action and to measure different signaling pathways responsible for the anticancer and immunomodulatory response.

Isolation and functional diversity of Bowman-Birk type serine proteinase inhibitors from Hyacinthus orientalis

Bowman–Birk inhibitors (BBI) are plant-derived serine proteinase inhibitors. Endogenously, they function as defense molecules against pathogens and insects, but they also have been explored for applications in cancer treatment and inflammatory disorders. Here, we isolated 15 novel BBIs from the bulb of Hyacinthus orientalis (termed HOSPIs). These isoinhibitors consisted of two or three chains, respectively, that are linked by disulfides bonds based on proposed cleavage sites in the canonical BBI reactive site loop. They strongly inhibited trypsin (Ki = 0.22 - 167 nM) and α-chymotrypsin (Ki = 19 - 1200 nM). Notably, HOSPI-B4 contains a six-residue reactive loop, which appears to be the smallest such motif discovered in BBIs to date. HOSPI-A6 and -A7 contain an unusual reactive site, i.e. Leu-Met at the P1-P1' position and have strong inhibitory activity against trypsin, α-chymotrypsin and elastase. Analysis of the cDNA encoding HOSPIs revealed that the precursors have HOSPI-like domains repeated at least twice with a defined linker sequence connecting individual domains. Lastly, mutational analysis of HOSPIs suggested that the linker sequence does not affect the inhibitory activity, and a Thr residue at the P2 site and a Pro at the P3' site are crucial for elastase inhibition. Using mammalian proteases as representative model system, we gain novel insight into the sequence diversity and proteolytic activity of plant BBI. These results may aid the rational design of BBI peptides with potent and distinct inhibitory activity against human, pathogen, or insect serine proteinases.

High-quality complete genome resource of plant pathogenic bacterium Dickeya solani strain IPO 2019 isolated from Hyacinthus orientalis

Dickeya solani is an emerging plant pathogenic bacterium, causing disease symptoms in a variety of agriculturally relevant crop species worldwide. To date a number of D. solani genomes have been sequenced and characterized, the great majority of these genomes have however come from D. solani strains isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and not from other plant hosts. Herewith, we present the first complete, high-quality genome of D. solani strain IPO 2019 (LMG 25990) isolated from ornamental plant Hyacinthus orientalis. The genome of D. solani strain IPO 2019 consists of one chromosome of 4,919,542 bp., with a GC content of 56.2% and no plasmids. The genome contains 4502 annotated features, 22 rRNA genes, 73 tRNA genes and 1 CRISPRS. We believe that the information of this high-quality, complete, closed genome of D. solani strain isolated from host plant different than potato (i.e. hyacinth) will provide resources for comparative genomic studies as well as for analyses targeting adaptation and ecological fitness mechanisms present in Dickeya solani species.

The Effect of Different Applications on In vitro Bulb Development of an Endemic Hyacinth Plant (Hyacinthus orientalis L. subsp. chionophyllus Wendelbo) Grown in Turkey

In this study the effects of different sucrose concentrations, and the combinations of jasmonic acid (JA) with auxins (IAA or NAA) or with cytokinin (2iP) on the bulb induction and rooting of in vitro plantlets of Hyacinthus orientalis subsp. chionophyllus Wendelbo, which is endemic in Turkey, were investigated. The effect of four different sucrose concentrations (30, 45, 60 and 90 g L-1) on bulb formation in tissue culture was investigated. These plantlets were cultured on MS medium supplemented with several concentrations and combinations of JA (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 mg L-1) and 2iP (0.0, 0.25 and 0.50 mg L-1), IAA or NAA (0.5, 1.0 mg L-1). In JA- 2iP treatment, the highest number of bulblets (13.7 number/explant) was obtained by the combinations of JA 1.0 mg L-1 + 2iP 0.25 mg L-1. Also, the largest bulblets with the mean diameter of 7.9 mm were found on MS medium supplemented with JA 2.0 mg L-1. In JA – Auxin treatment, the mean root number per bulblet was highest (17.9 number/explant) and root formation rate was maximum (81.14%) on MS medium supplemented with IAA 1.0 mg L-1 + JA 2.0 mg L-1.

Investigation of the effects of some bacterial isolates and fertilizer applications on nutrient contents of hyacinth

This study was conducted to determine the effect of NPK fertilization and some bacterial species on the macro and micro nutrient element contents of Hyacinthus orientalis cv. ‘Delft Blue’ leaves and bulbs. In the study carried out under laboratory conditions, according to randomized plot experiment design, full and 50% dose of 20:20:20 NPK commercial fertilizer was applied to hyacinth bulbs as inorganic fertilizer. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Cellulomonas turbata (TV54A), phosphate solibilizing bacteria: Bacillus-GC Group (TV119E), nitrogen-fixing and phosphate solibilizing bacteria: Kluyvera cryocrescens (TV113C)were used as biological fertilizers. In this study, the highest mean values of nutrients were obtained as nitrogen (N) 3.866%; phosphorus (P) 334.790 mgkg-1;potassium (K) 4.534%; iron (Fe) 152.453 mgkg-1; manganese (Mn) 26.739 mgkg-1; zinc (Zn) 46.517 mgkg-1and copper (Cu) 8.902 mgkg-1 (P <0.01) in hyacinth leaves, while calcium (Ca) was 1064.95 mgkg-1 and magnesium (Mg) was found 1992.92 mgkg-1, and the difference between the mean values for these two elements was not statistically significant. The highest N, P, Zn and Cu contents of the leaf were obtained by using full dose NPK. The highest mean values of nutrient elements in hyacinth bulbs were 4.382%; P 278.496 mgkg-1; K, 2.203%; Ca 2322.045 mgkg-1; Mg 1884.164 mgkg-1; Mn 39.640 mgkg-1; Zn was obtained as 40.861 mgkg-1 and Cu 7.683 mgkg-1, whereas Fe was found to have an average value of 140.545 mgkg-1. In the process of bacteria inoculation K, Ca and Mg content of inoculation; N, P, Mn, Zn and Cu content of ½ NPK fertilization was determined to be effective.