Corrigendum: Numerical analysis of flow and heat transfer in a thin film along an unsteady stretching cylinder

Name of the 5th author Hijaz Ahma is not written correctly, by technical error. Correct name of the 5th author has to be written as Hijaz Ahmad. <br><br><font color="red"><b> Link to the corrected article <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/TSCI21S2441S">10.2298/TSCI21S2441S</a></b></u>

Case Report – Accidental Epidural Catheter Breakage and Its Management

Aim: Epidural anaesthesia which is preferred in most of the prolonged and painful procedures can be dreadful when the catheter breaks inside. In this case report we report accidental breakage of epidural catheter and its successful management. Presentation of Case: 47 year old male patient was posted for arthroscopic Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) repair under spinal and epidural anesthesia. Epidural catheter got sheared while securing it. It was managed by surgical removal to avoid further complications. Discussion: There are different causes for epidural catheter breakage including technical error and manufacture error. Catheter should be checked for any manufacturing defect or kinking. If there is resistant while inserting the catheter careful removal of catheter along with the needle should be performed to avoid breakage of catheter. Conclusion: Epidural catheter breakage can be disastrous for any anaesthesiologist, so it is important to be vigilant while securing epidural catheter. If accidentally epidural catheter is retained it should be discussed with the patient and surgeons, and it is either removed since it is a foreign body or if left in situ. Serial follow-up for any neurological symptoms should be done.

Estimation of Pool Construction and Technical Error

Pooling animals with extreme phenotypes can improve the accuracy of genetic evaluation or provide genetic evaluation for novel traits at relatively low cost by exploiting large amounts of low-cost phenotypic data from animals in the commercial sector without pedigree (data from commercial ranches, feedlots, stocker grazing or processing plants). The average contribution of each animal to a pool is inversely proportional to the number of animals in the pool or pool size. We constructed pools with variable planned contributions from each animal to approximate errors with different numbers of animals per pool. We estimate pool construction error based on combining liver tissue, from pulverized frozen tissue mass from multiple animals, into eight sub-pools containing four animals with planned proportionality (1:2:3:4) by mass. Sub-pools were then extracted for DNA and genotyped using a commercial array. The extracted DNA from the sub-pools was used to form super pools based on DNA concentration as measured by spectrophotometry with planned contribution of sub-pools of 1:2:3:4. We estimate technical error by comparing estimated animal contribution using sub-samples of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Overall, pool construction error increased with planned contribution of individual animals. Technical error in estimating animal contributions decreased with the number of SNP used.

Accuracy of GEBV of sires based on pooled allele frequency of their progeny

Despite decreasing genotyping costs, in some cases individually genotyping animals is not economically feasible (e.g., in small ruminants). An alternative is to pool DNA, using the pooled allele frequency (PAF) to garner information on performance. Still, the use of PAF for prediction (estimation of genomic breeding values; GEBV) has been limited. Two potential sources of error on accuracy of GEBV of sires, obtained from PAF of their progeny themselves lacking pedigree information, were tested: i) pool construction error (unequal contribution of DNA from animals in pools), and ii) technical error (variability when reading the array). Pooling design (random, extremes, K-means), pool size (5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 individuals), and selection scenario (random, phenotypic) also were considered. These factors were tested by simulating a sheep population. Accuracy of GEBV—the correlation between true and estimated values—was not substantially affected by pool construction or technical error, or selection scenario. A significant interaction, however, between pool size and design was found. Still, regardless of design, mean accuracy was higher for pools of 10 or less individuals. Mean accuracy of GEBV was 0.174 (SE 0.001) for random pooling, and 0.704 (SE 0.004) and 0.696 (SE 0.004) for extreme and K-means pooling, respectively. Non-random pooling resulted in moderate accuracy of GEBV. Overall, pooled genotypes can be used in conjunction with individual genotypes of sires for moderately accurate predictions of their genetic merit with little effect of pool construction or technical error.

Standardized Three-Dimensional Lateral Distraction Test: Its Reliability to Assess Medial Canthal Tendon Laxity

Background Assessment of MCT laxity is critical to the surgery options. Our study aimed to analyze the reliability of measuring medial canthal tendon (MCT) laxity by using a novel standardized three-dimensional lateral distraction test (3D-LDT). Methods Forty-eight Caucasian volunteers (25 males and 23 females, 96 eyes) between 22 and 84 years of age (55.6 ± 18.6 years old) were included in our study. From a neutral position, the lower eyelid was gently pulled laterally along a horizontal line to define the most distracted position of the lower punctum. Both in the neutral and distracted position, standardized 3D images were acquired for each subject by two observers, and each image were measured twice by two raters. Four landmarks and six corresponding linear measurements were evaluated for intra-rater, inter-rater, and inter-method reliability. Results Intra-rater, inter-rater and inter-method reliability analyses of 3D-LDT revealed an intraclass correlation of more than 95%, a mean absolute difference of less than 1 mm, and a technical error of measurement of less than 1 mm. Measurements of relative error (2.59–12.04%) and relative technical error (1.83–16.05%) for the inter-landmarks distance from pupil center to the lower punctum were higher than those from limbus nasal center to the lower punctum (6.13–30.39 and 4.34–26.85%, respectively). Conclusions This study provided high reliability of the three-dimensional lateral distraction test (3D-LDT) for assessing medial canthal tendon (MCT) laxity, which were never evaluated by digital imaging system. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Relative Observer and Technical Error in the Ultrasonic Monitoring of Thyroid Nodular Growth Using Nodular Volume (VOL), vs. Longest Dimension (LD), vs. the Sum of the 3 Nodular Dimensions (SUM3D)

Though not a reliable indicator of malignancy, ultrasonic monitoring of nodule growth still has a role in the evaluation of nodules, e.g. indicating when a nodule may require biopsy or re-biopsy. Observer and technical limitations, however, limit the precision of ultrasonic determination of simple growth, vs. stability or shrinkage. Ultrasonic parameters used for this purpose all have their own limitations. Monitoring nodule growth by VOL frequently exhibits wide and conflicting swings in apparent size compared to the penultimate size, doubtlessly reflecting measurement limitations. As a growth parameter, LD typically exhibits a smoother time course but does not address growth in the other two dimensions. SUM3D includes changes in all dimensions but, like LD, is not a true measure of nodule mass or volume. This study was to determine the relative error of these three growth parameters and how it relates to their relative efficacy for nodular growth monitoring. The anterior-posterior (AP), left-right (LR) and superior-inferior (SI) dimensions of 34 benign nodules were determined ultrasonographically by four pairs of trained observers. One observer of a pair was regarded as a Time-1 observer and the other as a Time-2 observer, simulating the process for determining growth change over time. All observers measured the same image of each of the 34 nodules but were unaware of the measurements obtained by any other observer. For each image for each pair of observers, the dimensions were used to calculate the VOL, LD and SUM3D and the perceived changes thereof from Time-1 to Time-2. Since only one image for each nodule was distributed, differences between the Time-1 vs Time-2 measurements for each nodule could only reflect observer-based differences. “S”-curves plotting the nominal %-change in a parameter reported by the Time-2 observer compared to that reported by the Time-1 observer (x-axis) were rank-ordered from negative to positive changes (y-axis). The %-change in each parameter due to observer/technical error ranging from the highest over-estimate to the lowest were, in order from Top 10%, Middle 40%, and Bottom 10%, respectively: LD: 19-36%, -4 to 6%, -15 to -42%; SUM3D: 15 to 28%, -4 to 4%, -11 to -43%; VOL: 48 to 105%, -13 to 15%, -33 to -81%. The magnitude of %-change from Time-1 to Time-2 for the VOL parameter were 2 to 3 times greater than that of the LD or SUM3D parameters for the top 10% of values, the middle 40% of values, and the bottom 10% of values. These degrees of difference coincide with the wide variability seen in nodular growth curves [not illustrated here] when nodular VOL (y-axis) is plotted as a function of length of observation (x-axis). This study helps explain why monitoring nodular growth by LD or by the SUM3D usually provides a clearer, less fluctuant illustration of thyroid nodule growth over time than does VOL.

Deep oncopanel sequencing reveals fixation time- and within block position-dependent quality degradation in FFPE processed samples

Clinical laboratories routinely use formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue or cell block cytology samples in oncology panel sequencing to identify mutations that can predict patient response to targeted therapy. To understand the technical error due to FFPE processing, a robustly characterized normal cell line was used to create FFPE samples with four different pre-tissue processing formalin fixation times. A total of 96 FFPE sections were then distributed to different laboratories for targeted sequencing analysis by four oncopanels, and variants resulting from technical error were identified. Tissue sections that failed more frequently showed low cellularity, lower than recommended library preparation DNA input, or target sequencing depth. Importantly, sections from block surfaces were more likely to show FFPE-specific errors, akin to “edge effects” seen in histology, and the depth of formalin damage was related to fixation time. To assure reliable results, we recommend avoiding the block surface portion and restricting mutation detection to genomic regions of high confidence.

Corrigendum: Simplified logistics model and its application in process simulation

Corrigendum: Dooi reference numbers: https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI200626320C for print wersion by Simeon Oka, Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of the journal Thermal Science request that due to technical error and errors in communication with authors, the paper published in the journal Thermal Science, Year 2021, Vol. 25, issue No. 5A, pp. 3355 - 3363. Affiliation of the 1st author was not written correctly, by technical error and errors in communication with author. Correct affiliation of the 1st author Yiwei CHEN is as it is written below: a School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China