An extremely rare association of coarctation of aorta with double chambered right ventricle: double-trouble causing bi-ventricular failure in a child

Double chambered right ventricle is a rare cardiac defect characterised by an obstructive hypertrophied muscle bundle in the right ventricle. The common associated lesions are ventricular septal defect followed by sub-aortic membrane. We report a child who had coarctation of aorta in association with double chambered right ventricle. This case is being reported for its rarity and challenges in management.

Histopathology of the Foot, Gill and Digestive Gland Tissues of Freshwater Mussel, Lamellidens marginalis Exposed to Oil Effluent

We investigated the histopathological alterations in the tissues of freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis in response to oil effluent. Based on the previous acute toxicity, two sub lethal [1/4th (11.88ppt) and 1/10th (8.55ppt)] concentrations of oil effluent (hydrocarbon) were prepared and exposed to mussels. In a first series of experiment, animals were exposed/accumulated for 30 days [Ist, 8th, 15th, 22nd and 30th days] by two sub lethal concentrations of oil. In a second series of experiment, oil exposed animals were thereafter transferred to clean water and kept in it up to 30 days [Ist, 8th, 15th, 22nd and 30th days] to assess the recovery pattern (depuration). At seven-day intervals, histopathological alterations were analyzed in foot, gill and digestive gland tissues of mussel. First series of experimental observation showed remarkable damages in foot (disorganized outer epithelium, necrosis of the cell, the formation of lumina, disorganized muscle bundle); in gill (disruption of gill filaments, odema formation, necrosis, dis-aggregated cilia) and in digestive gland (stoma, detached glandular epithelium, vertical clefts, presence of leucocytes, dense accumulation of luminal material) and also oil effluent inducement are confirmed with the aforementioned results. At second series of experiment, it was found that oil effluent tended to accumulate in tissues in a duration-dose-dependent manner. Tissue burden by oil effluent of mussels completely were restored at 30th day. The present experimental findings may be of early warning signals of oil effluent pollution. In conclusion oil effluent are highly toxic to the Lamellidens marginalis.

Scx-positive tendon cells are required for correct muscle patterning

SummaryThe elaborate movement of the vertebrate body is supported by the precise connection of muscle, tendon and bone. Each of the >600 distinct skeletal muscles in the human body has unique attachment sites; however, the mechanism through which muscles are reproducibly attached to designated partner tendons during embryonic development is incompletely understood. We herein show that Screlaxis-positive tendon cells have an essential role in correct muscle attachment in mouse embryos. Specific ablation of Screlaxis-positive cells resulted in dislocation of muscle attachment sites and abnormal muscle bundle morphology. Step-by-step observation of myogenic cell lineage revealed that post-fusion myofibers, but not migrating myoblasts, require tendon cells for their morphology. Furthermore, muscles could change their attachment site, even after the formation of the insertion. Our study demonstrated an essential role of tendon cells in the reproducibility and plasticity of skeletal muscle patterning, in turn revealing a novel tissue-tissue interaction in musculoskeletal morphogenesis.Graphical abstract

Effect of Sublethal Concentrations of Cadmium on the Histo-pathological Changes of Muscles of Planiliza abu Juveniles (Heckel, 1843)

Water heavy metals contamination is an international issue due to its detrimental impact on the environment, aquatic organisms and impairment of the ecological balance systems. Cadmium is a heavy metal that is extremely toxic, even in low doses, thus it is a big concern to the ecosystem. Cd can cause several Patho-morphological changes in various organs in fish. This study was evaluated the effect of sublethal concentrations of Cd toxicity and effects on Histopathological of muscle tissues of Planiliza abu Juvenile. Series of Cd concentrations (0.5- 2) ppm were used and the 15d LC50 was 0.4 ppm. Several histopathological alterations were observed which increase gradually with increased concentration, included, marked thickening and hypertrophy of muscle bundle were will observed in lowest concentration (0.5 ppm). While in the highest concentration (2 ppm), atrophy, splitting, and separation with intracellular edema were marked in fish muscle bundle.

Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Surgery of Inferior Oblique Muscle Ectopia

Objectives. To summarize the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for inferior oblique muscle ectopia (IO-E). Subjects and Methods. Patients diagnosed with IO-E during strabismus surgery from March 2017 to September 2018 were included in this retrospective, cross-sectional study. All patients received preoperative Krimsky test, synoptophore, cycloplegia refraction, fundus torsion, and other strabismus-related specific tests. The anatomic variations of IO-E were always discovered during surgical procedure. Postoperative eye position and binocular visual function (BVF) were all reviewed in early days after operation. Results. A total of 7 patients were enrolled in this study with an average age of 6.4 ± 3.8 yrs. They all presented with significant exotropia and unilateral (or bilateral) overelevation in adduction (OEA). No compensatory head position was detected. Some of them had vertical deviation, V pattern, or excyclotropia, which were indicated by fundus torsion. Monocular or binocular IO-E was distinguished during the surgery, and it could be classified into two types according to its anatomic features. In surgery, the ectopic IO muscle bundle was restored, and different IO weakening methods were employed. Meanwhile, the horizontal deviation was also corrected according to the preoperative examination. Eyes of all patients were properly aligned in the primary position after surgery. Varying degrees of BVF appeared in 3 cases. Conclusions. IO-E is a rare congenital dysplasia variation of the extraocular muscle, which could appear as inferior oblique overaction. It is difficult to diagnose before surgery, and weakening the overactive ectopic inferior oblique was required for better prognosis if this condition was confirmed during surgery.