An optimum location of on-grid bifacial based photovoltaic system in Iraq

Bifacial photovoltaic (PV) module can gain 30% more energy compared to monofacial if a suitable location were chosen. Iraq (a Middle East country) has a variable irradiation level according to its geographic coordinates, thus, the performance of PV systems differs. This paper an array (17 series, 13 parallel) was chosen to produce 100 kWp for an on-grid PV system. It investigates the PV system in three cities in Iraq (Mosul, Baghdad, and Basrah). Effect of albedo factor, high and pitch of the bifacial module on energy yield have been studied using PVsyst (software). It has been found that the effect is less for a pitch greater than 6 m. The energy gained from bifacial and monofacial PV system module in these cities shows that Mosul is the most suitable for installing both PV systems followed by Baghdad and lastly Basrah. However, in Basrah, the bifacial gain is 12% higher in the energy than monofacial as irradiation there is higher than the other locations, especially for elevation above 1.5 m. Moreover, the cost of bifacial array is 7.23% higher than monofacial, but this additional cost is acceptable since the bifacial gain is about 11.3% higher energy compared to the monofacial.

GIS-Based Simulated Annealing Algorithm for the Optimum Location of Fire Stations in the Madrid Region, Spain: Monitoring the Collapse Index

Recent increases in incidents make it unlikely for emergency systems to be able to meet incident requirements. In this paper, we formulate a new territorial measurement approach for the reliability of fire departments, the collapse index, to help decision makers determine their response capability. This new index expresses the maximum simultaneous workload in a pixel over one year, measured over time. Based on this index, we propose a new fire station (FS) optimum location model by applying the simulated annealing method in conjunction with a geographic information system. The formulation of the cost function as the minimum standard deviation of the FS workload, combined with the constraint that the maximum collapse index in any pixel must be less than a certain threshold, are two contributions of this work. Five optimisation processes are developed to locate between up to five FS and create collapse index maps in the Madrid Region. The maximum collapse index in a pixel with a new FS decreases from its initial value of 10,485 min to 2500 min when five new FS are built. The conclusion is that the proposed optimisation model meets the need for reliability in the emergency services and that the collapse index is a good measure to prevent overlapping in the system.

Optimum Location Analysis of Story Isolation System on High Rise Building

Various studies have been carried out to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the story isolation system. The results obtained are also quite impressive, where the story isolation system gave a better story drift reduction than the base isolation system. However, these studies only focused on low-rise buildings, even though the story isolation system will be more engaging if it could also be compatible with high-rise buildings. In this study, a numerical analysis will be carried out on 30-, 40-, 50-, and 60-story buildings to evaluate the story isolator’s location, so that the system gives an optimum reduction of story drift and story shear. Then a general solution is sought to become a reference for buildings with different plans and heights. Keywords: Story isolation system, story isolator optimum location, high-rise building. Abstract Berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi kelayakan dan efektivitas sistem isolasi tingkat. Hasil yang diperoleh juga cukup mengesankan, dimana sistem isolasi tingkat memberikan reduksi simpangan antar tingkat yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan sistem isolasi dasar. Namun, studi tersebut hanya berfokus pada bangunan bertingkat rendah, padahal sistem isolasi lantai akan lebih menarik jika dapat juga digunakan pada bangunan bertingkat tinggi. Dalam studi ini, analisis numerik akan dilakukan pada bangunan berlantai 30, 40, 50, dan 60 untuk mengevaluasi lokasi isolator tingkat yang memberikan reduksi simpangan tingkat dan geser tingkat terbesar. Kemudian dicari solusi umum untuk menjadi acuan untuk bangunan dengan denah dan ketinggian yang berbeda. Kata kunci: Sistem isolasi tingkat, lokasi optimum isolator tingkat, bangunan bertingkat tinggi.

Experimental Investigation of The Optimal Location of PCM Capsules in a Hollow Brick Wall

In this paper, an experimental investigation of the integration of PCM capsules as insulation material into the outer or inner rows of hollow brick to find out the optimum location of the PCM capsules that give the best thermal performance of a wall. A test model consists of two identical cubical rooms was designed and fabricated to test the wall with and without PCM in a natural outdoor condition in Diwaniyah city in Iraq during the summer. The results show that the PCM will reduce the temperature of the inner side of the test wall and test room by 2.7℃ for the PCM capsules in the inner row while the reduction in both the inner surface temperature and the room due to the use of the capsules in the outer row was 1.9℃. The time lag for the two cases was 1 hour. So that, the inner row location of PCM is the optimum location.

Safe Workplace for Agricultural Tractor: Design Principle and Application

This study focuses on developing a safe workplace for agricultural tractor drivers and recommending the optimum location for tractor control. Thirteen anthropometric body dimensions of 8,025 Indian male agricultural workers were considered for developing reach envelopes for hand- and foot-operated controls. The optimum reach for hand controls is in the range of 456 to 700 mm forward and 265 to 492 mm above the seat reference point. Similarly, for foot-operated control, the foot could reach within the range 429 to 897 mm forward and 367 mm below, and 30 mm above the seat reference point.