1,5-diaminotetrazole-4N-oxide (SYX-9): a new high-performing energetic material with a calculated detonation velocity over 10 km s-1

5-amino-1-benzyloxytetrazole was aminated with O-tosylhydroxylamine. The diaminobenzyloxytetrazolium intermediate was debenzylated to yield the highly energetic 1,5-diaminotetrazole-4N-oxide (SYX-9). The molecule underwent both chemical and energetic characterization, including 15N NMR spectroscopy and...

Application and Analysis of Discrete Fiber Probes in Determining Detonation Velocity of Microcharges

This paper describes a method based on discrete fiber probes for measuring detonation velocity produced by microcharges. This method is simple to implement, scalable for multi-channel and requires minimal perturbation to the detonation wave. A simple experimental apparatus was established by using the oscilloscope, photodetectors, optical fibers, alignment device and initiation system. Four groups of experiments were carried out for analyzing the influence of probe spacing on detonation velocity. The experiment results suggest that a relatively appropriate distance between two adjacent fiber probes is 4 mm. In addition, the comparative experiments between ionization probes and fiber probes were performed, which shows that the standard deviation of detonation velocity obtained by fiber probes is smaller under the same measurement conditions. This research may be useful for the development of determining detonation velocity precisely of microcharges.

THE ASPECTS OF ALMG6 ALUMINIUM ALLOY DEFORMATION UNDER EXPLOSIVE WELDING

The paper presents the results of a study of the features of the deformation of the main plate made of AlMg6 in the process of explosion welding (with corrosion-resistant steel 08Cr18Ni10Ti). It was found that the end and edge sections of the main plate undergo severe deformation, as evidenced by the constructed maps of the distribution of residual deformations over the plate area. With an increase in the detonation velocity, an intensification of the deformation process occurs, which leads to the appearance of cracks and local spalling of plate fragments. In addition, the results of measurements of the elongation of the main plate showed that a noticeable longitudinal deformation of the plate begins approximately at a distance equal to 2/3 of the total length of the plate. The measured value of the beginning of elongation (240 ± 10 mm) with an accuracy of 95% converges with the calculated value (229 mm).

Scaled-down test arrangements for characterizing high explosives

Newly formulated explosives and the optimization of explosive mixtures requires an experimental determination of detonation parameters, especially detonation velocity, pressure and metal accelerating ability. Increasing material and labour costs force researchers to reduce test quantities and therefore to develop smaller scale experiments which provide sufficient data to determine an explosive’s properties. Seven test set-ups found in literature are described and compared in this paper.

Use of Gas Emulsion in Blasting Project for Clearing in a Copper Mine in Southern Peru

The gasifiable emulsion is a technological and productive response to the need to reduce operating costs in the mining project, among the improvements with respect to ANFO are a higher detonation velocity (VOD), better fragmentation and reduction of nitrous fumes. In the test mining operation, a commercial explosive mixture called "Q "73 (70% emulsion and 30% ANFO) is used, where the ANFO is composed of 97% ammonium nitrate and 3% diesel, and the explosive mixture "Q "82 (80% emulsion and 20% ANFO) is also used, 7 blasting processes were carried out with a diameter of 12.25 in. in a waste area, the most characteristic rocks found in the blasting project in the copper mine in southern Peru are Toba Cristal (TC), Andesite Basaltic Propylitic (BA-PRO), Andesite Basaltic Argillic (BA-ARG). The results obtained show a reduction of the Power Factor by 1.32%, with respect to the commercial mixtures "Q "73 and "Q "82 an optimum increase in the detonation velocity of 9.92% and 0.59% was obtained, also the high-resolution images of the fumes after blasting indicate a low presence of orange fumes taking a great relevance in the mining sector on a large scale, achieving better results in the blasting phase.

Energetic Windmill: Computational insight into planar guanidine-based nitroazole-substituted compounds as energetic materials

In this work, we designed a series of energetic materials with a windmill-like structure based on guanidine and nitroazole, and optimized them at the B3LYP/6-311G** level using density functional theory (DFT). According to the optimization results, 6 molecules with planar structures were screened out from 28 molecules and their regularities were summarized. We calculated their geometry, natural bond orbital (NBO) charge, frontier molecular orbital, molecular surface electrostatic potential, and thermochemical parameters. In addition, their properties such as density, enthalpy of formation, detonation velocity, detonation pressure and impact sensitivity are also predicted. The result shows that this series of compounds is a promising new type of energetic material, especially compound 1 has superior detonation velocity and detonation pressure (D=9720m/s, P=41.9GPa).

On the Disintegration of A1050/Ni201 Explosively Welded Clads Induced by Long-Term Annealing

The paper presents the microstructure and phase composition of the interface zone formed in the explosive welding process between technically pure aluminum and nickel. Low and high detonation velocities of 2000 and 2800 m/s were applied to expose the differences of the welded zone directly after the joining as well as subsequent long-term annealing. The large amount of the melted areas was observed composed of a variety of Al-Ni type intermetallics; however, the morphology varied from nearly flat to wavy with increasing detonation velocity. The applied heat treatment at 500 °C has resulted in the formation of Al3Ni and Al3Ni2 layers, which in the first stages of growth preserved the initial interface morphology. Due to the large differences in Al and Ni diffusivities, the porosity formation occurred for both types of clads. Faster consumption of Al3Ni phase at the expense of the growing Al3Ni2 phase, characterized by strong crystallographic texture, has been observed only for the weld obtained at low detonation velocity. As a result of the extended annealing time, the disintegration of the bond occurred due to crack propagation located at the A1050/Al3Ni2 interface.