A Process-Oriented View of Procedural Memory Can Help Better Understand Tourette’s Syndrome

Tourette’s syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive movements and vocalizations, also known as tics. The phenomenology of tics and the underlying neurobiology of the disorder have suggested that the altered functioning of the procedural memory system might contribute to its etiology. However, contrary to the robust findings of impaired procedural memory in neurodevelopmental disorders of language, results from TS have been somewhat mixed. We review the previous studies in the field and note that they have reported normal, impaired, and even enhanced procedural performance. These mixed findings may be at least partially be explained by the diversity of the samples in both age and tic severity, the vast array of tasks used, the low sample sizes, and the possible confounding effects of other cognitive functions, such as executive functions, working memory or attention. However, we propose that another often overlooked factor could also contribute to the mixed findings, namely the multiprocess nature of the procedural system itself. We propose that a process-oriented view of procedural memory functions could serve as a theoretical framework to help integrate these varied findings. We discuss evidence suggesting heterogeneity in the neural regions and their functional contributions to procedural memory. Our process-oriented framework can help to deepen our understanding of the complex profile of procedural functioning in TS and atypical development in general.

PECULIARITIES OF WORK OF PROFILE PRODUCTS FROM COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS LOCATED IN SEISMIC AREAS

Purpose. The aim of the article is to reveal during the analysis the peculiarities of the work of profile products from composite materials in building structures located in seismic areas. Methodology. The structure of fiber-reinforced composite materials is given and the role of each component is explained. It is noted that recently, in the construction industry for the manufacture of basic and additional structures, composite materials are used not only on the basis of epoxy resins reinforced with glass fiber, but also on the basis of carbon, organic and other fibrous fillers. The expediency of the application of products from composite materials in the construction is highlighted. Findings. The analysis of literary sources devoted to the work of products from composite materials of simple and complex cross-section in the building structures under the influence of simple (tension, compression, torsion) and complex types of loading was conducted. Distribution of stresses acting in cross-sections of complex profile rod elements made of composite materials under bending load is shown. Features of work of profile products from composite materials in building constructions are revealed. The reasons of decrease of load-carrying ability of complex profile products made of composite materials are determined. The existing methods of increasing mechanical characteristics of products from composite materials are given. Negative consequences and disadvantages of application of existing methods of increasing mechanical characteristics of products from composite materials are formulated. Originality. On the basis of the carried out analysis conclusions about necessity of refinement of existing methods of increase of mechanical characteristics of products from composite materials are made. Practical value. During the analysis features of work of profile products from composite materials in building constructions which are the basis for development of new ways of increasing mechanical characteristics of products from composite materials in building constructions and improvement of already existing ones are revealed.

Algorithm for the cams synthesis for the slay mechanism drive

The paper presents an algorithm for the synthesis of the law of motion of the weft beat-up mechanism intended for the production of closely woven fabrics, which are currently manufactured mainly on shuttle looms. These machines have such disadvantages as significant dimensions, strong vibrations and noise during operation, as well as low performance. Shuttleless looms are devoid of such disadvantages. However, production of closely woven fabrics on such machines can face a number of problems, such as increased vibration, the machine tool turning off due to an increased beating-up strip and accelerated wear of mechanisms which, in turn, leads to a lower productivity and product quality. The conducted research allowed developing an algorithm for the synthesis of complex-profile cams of the slay mechanism drive. The use of the developed mechanism is theoretically proved and experimentally confirmed to provide the required performance and quality as well as to significantly expand the range of fabrics produced on STB shuttleless looms.

Systemology of objects and processes in digitalization of the life cycle of engineering products

The main methods of classification and coding in mechanical engineering are studied from the systemic point of view, their main characteristics are considered. When analyzing the systemology of classification of machines of various functional purposes, the absence of a unified methodological approach in constructing the classification and in coding the products is shown. In the existing classifications, products are considered constructively only as objects of operation, and the other stages of their life cycle are not affected. As a result of the system analysis, a unified methodological approach is proposed for constructing classifications, coding and unification of products for various functional purposes, reflecting the features of all stages of their life cycle. For the production stages of the life cycle, a system of classifications using various coding methods is considered: a description of structural and technological elements formed by the tool edges, a sequence of numbers, taking into account signs; a description of the surfaces formed by tool movements, in numbers, indicating the directions of feed movements; and to describe complex-profile surfaces and a combination of long-range elements, their combination is used. The expediency of using each of the classifications in real production conditions is determined by the statistics of use of structural and technological elements and surfaces, as well as of tools that form them.

RATIONAL FOR REHEATING IN THE AUTOMATED LINE FOR RING BLANKS PRODUCTION

Features and requirements to the use of reheating of ring blanks in the conditions of production on the automated line are considered. An assessment is given for a technological temperature state of ring blanks at various stages of production under conditions of the automated line. For assessment of rational for reheating at production of ring blanks, a classification of ring manufacturing technology is proposed with the production of a pressed non-core blank in an open die, with the production of a pressed profile blank in a closed die, with the production of a pressed profile blank in a stamp with reverse extrusion. The technology of ring rolling with the production of a pressed non-core blank in an open die is the most economical and does not require the use of reheating in the manufacture of rings made of medium-alloy steels. The technology of ring rolling of a profile blank obtained in a closed die does not require the use of additional heating after pressing, in the case of manufacturing rings with a simplified profile on the outer or inner diameters of the ring. In the manufacture of rings with a more complex profile on the outer and inner diameters of the ring, as well as rings made of high-alloy steels, the final decision on the need for additional heating is made depending on the temperature of the end of intensive plastic deformation for the selected steel grade of the ring. The technology of ring rolling with the production of a pressed profile blank in a die with reverse extrusion requires the use of reheating after the pressing operation before the ring rolling operation, and is recommended for the manufacture of rings from medium- and high-alloy steels with a complex profile section on the outer and inner diameters, wall thicknesses, with a ratio of wall thickness to outer diameter D within h / D = 0.011...0.016 and with a ratio of wall thickness to ring height L within h / L = 0.020...0.041. The proposed recommendations are intended for use in the development of technological support for the operation of the automated ring-rolling complex at OJSC “BELAZ”.

Force Model for Complex Profile Tool in Broaching Inconel 718

Complex profile broaches are widely used in the manufacture of complex parts of aero-engines, but their cutting forces in the broaching process are difficult to predict and control. A new numerical model for broaching force with complex profile tools is presented, which considers the area and arc length of curved shear zone projection. The area and arc length were calculated by the curve function of the projection plane, which is firstly predicted by FEM simulation. Compared with the conventional force model, the accuracy of the modified model has been moderately improved. Ultimately, the modified main broaching force (Y-direction) model and the modified normal force (Z-direction) model show a significant improvement in accuracy by 4.8% and 9.7%, respectively. It suggests that the projection area of curved shear zone A1 and the projection arc length of curved shear zone l1 have a big impact on the broaching process. Moreover, the modified model proposed in this paper can provide guidance for the design of complex profile tools and facilitate the efficient and high-precision machining of complex parts.

TECHNOLOGICAL FIXTURES FOR MACHINING LARGE-SIZED THIN-WALLED SHELLS OF COMPLEX PROFILE

The paper analyzes the structure of technological fixtures for the positioning and fixing of large-sized thin-walled pyroceram shells as a factor affecting the dynamic characteristics of the grinding system. The solution to the problem of ensuring the dynamic stability of the «mandrel-workpiece» subsystem is necessary to increase the efficiency of shell machining in present conditions. Studying the vibrations frequency spectrum of the technological system during grinding has made it possible to determine their sources. The magnitude and frequency of vibrations depend on the mandrel structure - the clamping fixture. The study results are the requirements for a new mandrel structure, considering the dynamic stability of the technological system.

Effect of Aging Vessel (Clay-Tinaja versus Oak Barrel) on the Volatile Composition, Descriptive Sensory Profile, and Consumer Acceptance of Red Wine

Consumers look for unique wines, offering pleasant experiences. Wine producers need to open new markets and are targeting countries with fewer traditions in drinking red and complex wines, such as Poland, Russia and Germany. The use of less popular aging vessels (e.g., clay-tinajas) will help in creating unique wines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the aging vessel on the volatile and sensory profiles and consumer acceptance of red wine in Spain and Poland (model of potential new markets). Three wines were studied: (i) wine A, aged in a clay-tinaja with non-permeable coating); (ii) wine B, aged in clay-tinaja without coating; and (iii) wine C, aged in oak barrels (control). The key families in the volatile profiles were esters (wines B and C) and organic acids and terpenes (wine A). Wine A was described as sour and bitter, wine B had a distinctive mineral note, and wine C had a complex profile with typical wood notes. Finally, wines C and A were the preferred ones for Spanish and Polish consumers, respectively. Clay-tinaja wine A can be a good option to introduce clay-tinaja wines in Polish and similar markets because it is a unique product and fulfills the sensory demands/habits of Polish consumers.