The Role of T Lymphocytes in the Pathogenesis of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired hematopoietic stem cell genetic mutation disease that causes defective erythrocyte membrane hemolysis. Its pathologic basis is the mutation of the PIG-A gene, whose product is necessary for the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors; the mutation of PIG-A gene results in the reduction or deletion of the GPI anchor, which leads to the deficiency of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs), such as CD55 and CD59, which are complement inhibitors. The deficiency of complement inhibitors causes chronic complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis of GPI-anchor-deficient erythrocyte. PIG-A gene mutation could also be found in bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of healthy people, but they have no growth advantage; only the HSCs with PIG-A gene mutation in PNH patients have this advantage and expand. Besides, HSCs from PIG-A-knockout mice do not show clonal expansion in bone marrow, so PIG-A mutation cannot explain the clonal advantage of the PNH clone and some additional factors are needed; thus, in recent years, many scholars have put forward the theories of the second hit, and immune escape theory is one of them. In this paper, we focus on how T lymphocytes are involved in immune escape hypothesis in the pathogenesis of PNH.

The Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Materialism and Compulsive Buying

Drawing on the escape theory, we propose that emotional intelligence is negatively linked to materialism and compulsive buying. Our research demonstrates that the ability to manage one's emotions is associated with lower levels of materialism and compulsive buying. We also show that materialism functions as the mechanism underlying the emotional intelligence – compulsive buying relationship. Similarly, the ability to understand one's emotions was found to be negatively related to compulsive buying. Contrary to expectations, the path between the understanding of one's emotions and materialism was found to be non-significant, suggesting that the link between emotional intelligence and materialism might not always be direct. As expected, materialism was positively linked to compulsive buying. Our research contributes to the relevant literature with a new antecedent of materialism, namely emotional intelligence.

Breaking Point: Second Generation Suicide Theories

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among young people in the world. In this respect, it is emphasized that theories explaining suicidal behavior should be examined to understand the factors behind suicidal behavior. Many theorists have proposed different ideas in explaining suicidal behavior and its occurrence until the beginning of the twenty-first century. These theories are discussed as psychological, sociological, and biological theories. Psychoanalytic Theory, Spiritual Theory, Hopelessness Theory, and Escape Theory were among the psychological theories. It would not be wrong to call these theories first-generation suicide theories. On the other hand, after the 2000s, contemporary psychological theories dealing with suicidal behavior with risk factors have attracted attention. These theories have been called second-generation suicide theories because they have been put forward more recently. Considering the need to examine these theories under a single roof, in this article, the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, Three-Step Theory of Suicide, Integrative Motivational-Volitional Model, and Fluid Vulnerability Theories are presented. Moreover, an overview of the psychological mechanisms underlying suicidal behavior development has been submitted, and a critical discussion has been made. These theories show that the factors and processes that support the development of suicidal thoughts are different from those associated with suicidal behavior. Hopelessness and suicidality are the common points of theories. In addition, these theories focused on dynamic risk factors and risk assessment that appear in life, change over time, and immediately bring them closer to suicide. Keywords: Suicide, suicide theories, risk factors, suicidal behavior

Empirical studies of escape behavior find mixed support for the race for life model

Escape theory has been exceptionally successful in conceptualizing and accurately predicting effects of numerous factors that affect predation risk and explaining variation in flight initiation distance (FID, predator-prey distance when escape begins). Less explored is the relative orientation of an approaching predator, prey, and its eventual refuge. The relationship between an approaching threat and its refuge can be expressed as an angle we call the “interpath angle” or “Φ”, which describes the angle between the paths of predator and prey to the prey’s refuge and thus expresses the degree to which prey must run towards an approaching predator. In general, we might expect that prey would escape at greater distances if they must flee toward a predator to reach its burrow. The ‘race for life’ model makes formal predictions about how interpath angle should affect FID. We evaluated the model by studying escape decisions in yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventer, a species which flees to burrows. We found support for some of the model’s predictions, yet the relationship between interpath angle and FID was less clear. Marmots may not assess interpath angle in a continuous fashion; but we found that binning angle into four 45° bins explained a similar amount of variation as models that analyzed angle continuously. Future studies of interpath angle, especially those that focus on how different species perceive relative orientation, will likely enhance our understanding of its importance in flight decisions.

Intraspecific variation in tree lizard escape behaviour in relation to habitat and temperature

Optimal escape theory has proven useful for understanding the dynamics of antipredator behaviour in animals; however, approaches are often limited to single-population studies. We studied how the escape behaviour of tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) varied across a disturbance gradient. We also considered how sex, body temperature, and perch temperature affected their escape decisions. Both sexes exhibited similar response patterns; however, lizards in the most-disturbed habitat, as well as cooler (body or perch temperature) lizards, initiated escape earlier (but did not flee further) than other animals. Increased wariness as indicated by earlier escape suggests that frequently-disturbed, more-open localities may be stressful habitats for species like U. ornatus. In addition, because cooler temperatures limit locomotor performance capacity, escape decisions should also depend on a species’ thermal ecology. Overall, we stress the importance of multi-population approaches for capturing the variety of ways species adaptively respond to the threat of predation across habitat gradients.

MANIFESTATIONS OF MODERN FLUID DYNAMIC ACTIVITY OF THE NORTHERN CASPIAN SEA (GEOPHYSICAL DATA)

The paper presents analysis of geological-geophysical data, both from archives and collected in recent expeditions by Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS (SIO RAS) together with satellite data. The interpretation shows modern rise of fluid dynamic activity on North Caspian. Based on summary of previous data, it is possible to recognize ryithmostratigraphic and seismostratigraphic complexes. Side sonar data shows many reflexing objects on the sea bottom. One of the most prominent features of Northern and Central Caspian is great number of pipe-like vertical bodies, they were discovered by SIO RAS expeditions with high-resolution seismic methods. These “pipes” go down beyond seismic section data. All specified seismic anomalies and bottom microrelief can be considered as evidence of vertical migration of gas and water via sediments and its escaping to water by gas and water grifons. Satellite images of North and Central Caspian show great amount of sliks and oil signs on the sea surface, and some of them present constantly on the same place, so it is possible to claim the sub-bottom fluid escape theory. The paper shows connection between bottom structures and grifon activity via satellite images (spatial-time grouping of oil slicks) of 2011–2019.