negotiation mechanism
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2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenglai Xia ◽  
Dongning Yao ◽  
Yunfeng Lai ◽  
Yan Xue ◽  
Hao Hu

Abstract Background China has introduced a series of polices and practice to manage the market access of Chinese patent medicine (CPM) products into its healthcare security system, which is less analyzed and reported in current literature. Therefore, this paper aimed to investigate the mechanisms managing market access of CPM products into healthcare security system in China, expecting to provide implications for international integration of traditional medicine products into health systems. Method This paper used a documentary analysis approach as a qualitative research method. Data were collected from four sources and analyzed in a thematic way. Results Four mechanisms to manage entry, price adjustment, and exit of innovative brand and generic CPM products are identified, including: (1) price negotiation, mechanism of new entry of innovative brand CPM products into the national reimbursement list; (2) price re-negotiation, mechanism of price adjustment of innovative brand CPM products within the national reimbursement list; (3) mass procurement, mechanism of generic CPM products to healthcare security system; and (4) direct removal, mechanism of removal from the national reimbursement list. Conclusions China has established market access framework of CPM products by focusing on price negotiation for innovative brand CPM products and mass procurement for generic CPM products. Further studies of CPM products based real-world data are needed to provide clinical and pharmacoeconomic evidence to support market access of CPM products into healthcare security systems.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhumita Banerjee ◽  
Paurav Shukla ◽  
Nicholas J. Ashill

PurposeWhile the literature on migration highlights the reshaping of host and immigrant population in countries, there is a paucity of research in marketing investigating the evolving dynamics for acculturation. The purpose of this study is to further the understanding of the emerging phenomenon of acculturation and identity negotiation.Design/methodology/approachThree experiments examined situational ethnicity, self-construal and identity negotiation in home and host culture work and social settings. Study 1 and Study 2 were conducted in the United Kingdom (UK), where the host country is the majority population. Study 3 was conducted in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where the host country is the minority population. Study 4 utilized qualitative interviews in both countries.FindingsResults from all four studies show that ethnic consumers deploy “indifference” as an identity negotiation mechanism when the host society is the majority population (UK) and when the host society has the minority population (UAE).Originality/valueThe authors offer new insights into identity negotiation by ethnic consumers when the host society is the majority population as well as the minority population. “Indifference”, i.e. preferring to neither fit in nor stand out as an identity negotiation mechanism, is deployed in work and social settings of home and host societies. The authors also advance the existing literature on acculturation by examining whether independent and interdependent self-construal influence identity negotiation.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6660
Author(s):  
Lihao Liu ◽  
Zhenghong Dong ◽  
Haoxiang Su ◽  
Dingzhan Yu

While monolithic giant earth observation satellites still have obvious advantages in regularity and accuracy, distributed satellite systems are providing increased flexibility, enhanced robustness, and improved responsiveness to structural and environmental changes. Due to increased system size and more complex applications, traditional centralized methods have difficulty in integrated management and rapid response needs of distributed systems. Aiming to efficient missions scheduling in distributed earth observation satellite systems, this paper addresses the problem through a networked game model based on a game-negotiation mechanism. In this model, each satellite is viewed as a “rational” player who continuously updates its own “action” through cooperation with neighbors until a Nash Equilibria is reached. To handle static and dynamic scheduling problems while cooperating with a distributed mission scheduling algorithm, we present an adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm and adaptive tabu-search algorithm, respectively. Experimental results show that the proposed method can flexibly handle situations of different scales in static scheduling, and the performance of the algorithm will not decrease significantly as the problem scale increases; dynamic scheduling can be well accomplished with high observation payoff while maintaining the stability of the initial plan, which demonstrates the advantages of the proposed methods.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 3507-3518
Author(s):  
Haitao Sun

Objectives: As a principle that controls the rational exercise of administrative power, the principle of proportionality is adopted by other legal systems because of its reasonable structure and effective control of administrative power. Methods: In this paper, in the information technology environment of mobile internet and based on the e-commerce model, the proportional principle of administrative law and its judicial application were studied. Results: Mainly the principle of proportionality in administrative law was introduced into the e-commerce negotiation system. A specific example in the context of e-commerce was selected to simulate the entire automatic negotiation process. Conclusion: The simulation experiment results were analyzed and summarized, which shows the advantages of the automatic negotiation mechanism proposed in this paper.


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Summer 2021) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Aslıhan Yördem Atik

In the last century, the importance of foreign trade, particularly net exports of goods and services, in achieving balanced and high-quality economic growth has become increasingly apparent. This certainly applies to Turkey. For example, the Eleventh Development Plan prepared for the 2019-2023 period was determined within the framework of a stable, export-based growth model, in which the industrial sector played a dominant role, focusing on productivity. Recently, the new trade regime between Turkey and the United Kingdom after Brexit has been included among the subjects within the agenda of Turkish foreign trade. The present study aims to find the preliminary clues to understand the extent of the recent trade agreement between two countries, which share deep-rooted trade links, in light of the new UK-EU deal. While one of these countries does not want to lose its position as a candidate country, despite the obstacles and disagreements posed by the EU in the negotiation mechanism, the other has managed to leave the EU as a result of a very intense and complex process, that lasted approximately thirty-four months.


2021 ◽  
pp. 412-412
Author(s):  
Eleonora Rosati

This chapter highlights the time of application of Directive 2019/790, a copyright directive in the Digital Single Market in Europe, which is included in Chapter 26. It emphasizes that Directive 2019/790 will apply in respect of all works and other subject matter that are protected by national law in the field of copyright. The directive will be implemented on or after 7 June 2021. The chapter points out that Directive 2019/790 will apply without prejudice to any acts concluded and rights acquired before 7 June 2021. It also cites the legislation on the negotiation mechanism, works of visual art in the public domain, and information about collective licensing with an extended effect.


2021 ◽  
pp. 235-238
Author(s):  
Eleonora Rosati

This chapter analyzes Article 13 of Directive 2019/790, the European copyright order in the Digital Single Market, which focuses on negotiation mechanism. It highlights the conclusion of an agreement for the purpose of making available audiovisual works on video-on-demand services for parties facing difficulties related to the licensing of rights. It also considers the impartial body established or designated by a Member State that provides assistance to the parties with their negotiations and help the parties reach agreements. The chapter describes video-on-demand services that have the potential to play a decisive role in the dissemination of audiovisual works across the Union. It looks at agreements on the online exploitation of audiovisual works, which can be difficult to conclude due to issues related to the licensing of rights.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Jie Chen ◽  
Kai Xiao ◽  
Kai You ◽  
Xianguo Qing ◽  
Fang Ye ◽  
...  

For the large-scale search and rescue (S&R) scenarios, the centralized and distributed multi-UAV multitask assignment algorithms for multi-UAV systems have the problems of heavy computational load and massive communication burden, which make it hard to guarantee the effectiveness and convergence speed of their task assignment results. To address this issue, this paper proposes a hierarchical task assignment strategy. Firstly, a model decoupling algorithm based on density clustering and negotiation mechanism is raised to decompose the large-scale task assignment problem into several nonintersection and complete small-scale task assignment problems, which effectively reduces the required computational amount and communication cost. Then, a cluster head selection method based on multiattribute decision is put forward to select the cluster head for each UAV team. These cluster heads will communicate with the central control station about the latest assignment information to guarantee the completion of S&R mission. At last, considering that a few targets cannot be effectively allocated due to UAVs’ limited and unbalanced resources, an auction-based task sharing scheme among UAV teams is presented to guarantee the mission coverage of the multi-UAV system. Simulation results and analyses comprehensively verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical task assignment strategy in large-scale S&R scenarios with dispersed clustering targets.


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