立法语言中“主谓结构+的”的指代功能分析

This article discusses the usage of “VP + De” of “subject-predicate structure + De”, and analyzes its referential function. Besides transferred referent agent, patient, dative, and “the person or object which has possessive relationship with the object referred by subject”, “subject-predicate structure + De” in legislative language may transferred refer to the valence of certain valent nouns in VP. That relates to the written language nature of legislative language, which amounts of nominal verbs are used in legislative language.

Child access prevention legislative language and pediatric firearm injury rates

BackgroudFirearm injuries are a significant public health problem facing young people in the USA. In 2015, a total of 16 878 people under 19 years old were injured or killed by firearms. To reduce firearm injuries, 29 states and Washington, DC have enacted child access prevention (CAP) legislation. CAP legislation is intended to reduce the likelihood of a minor obtaining a weapon and subsequent injury or death. This study evaluates the impact of CAP legislation based on language of the legislation, specifically it evaluates a relationship of the legal threshold of liability and the number of firearm injuries per capita of minors.MethodsData were collected from the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System for patients less than 19 years of age who presented to emergency departments with firearm injuries in 2016. The Giffords Law Center classification was used to group states into three categories (strong/weak/no CAP) based on CAP language. Differences of firearm-related injury rates per capita were assessed.ResultsWhen controlling for population, states with CAP legislation had a 22% decrease in firearm injuries per capita compared with states without CAP legislation. States with ‘strong’ CAP legislation had a 41% decrease in firearm injuries per capita compared with states with ‘weak’ or no CAP legislation when controlling for population.ConclusionsStates with ‘strong’ CAP legislation had lower pediatric firearm injury rates per capita, but more complete data and further studies are needed to evaluate this relationship as well as other factors that may impact firearm injury rates.

Linguistic norm in legal language and legislative language – The issue of codification

This article analyses the linguistic norms found within legal and legislative language and their implementation. It attempts to answer the following questions: is there a common scope for the use of linguistic norms in general language and legislative language, what can form the basis for resolving issues of correctness in legal and legislative language and is a codification of the linguistic norms for legislative language necessary? The discrepancies observed between normative standards and linguistic practise raise the issue of the need to codify linguistic norms within legal and legislative language. In this article, I hypothesise the need to elaborate a source for codifying the norms of legal and legislative language.

INFORMATION ACTIVISM IN THE FIRST DIGITAL COPYRIGHT DECADE: A CASE STUDY OF THE DIGITAL FUTURE COALITION, 1996-2002 AND THE INTERNET THAT NEARLY WAS

The Digital Future Coalition (1996-2002), was an unprecedented public interest coalition on Internet and copyright policy, with much farther-ranging effects than has been recognized previously. Uniting commercial and noncommercial stakeholders to push back against IP maximalism on the nascent Internet, it altered both treaty and legislative language, blocked U.S. copyright protection for databases, enhanced popular engagement with fair use and set the stage for the “Right to Repair” movement. This historical research was accomplished primarily by interviewing representatives of the DFC and opposing groups, as well as one ex-government official, and by consulting a hitherto untapped, private archive of documents relevant to the history of the DFC. We consider our topic within contexts in three areas: the history of the formation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA;) public interest coalition characteristics in communication; and the political roles of coalitions. In this article, we accept the assessment of the DMCA as legislation that both foreclosed options for the Internet’s development and created an enduring regime to protect copyright monopolies on the Internet. However, we argue that a closer look at the DFC’s actions, goals and long-range effects can reposition that coalition productively in the history. Such repositioning helps to understand how different the DMCA today is from the originally-proposed policy and the implications of those differences. Finally a detailed accounting of the DFC’s dynamics and tactics may prove instructive in assessing the efficacy of contemporary information activist groups.

Ambiguity in Swiss vaccine mandate legislation

Background The Swiss Epidemics Act 2016 foresees no vaccine mandates in routine settings. Only in certain settings can the federal government, after consulting with Swiss cantons, “declare vaccinations mandatory for risk groups, persons at threat of particular exposure, and persons exercising certain activities once a serious danger has been established.” Parliament proposed this Act in March 2012 arguing that recent infectious disease outbreaks required stronger preparedness plans clearly delineating responsibilities of the Confederation, cantons, and third parties. Swiss naturopath Trappitsch gathered >75,000 signatures to launch a referendum contesting the law. Main criticisms dealt with ambiguous language around mandates, infringement upon individual liberty, and fear of an overreaching federal government. Nevertheless, the Swiss populace voted to pass the law (60% in favor) in September 2013. Methods Qualitative interviews with key informants (N = 5 public health officials-PHO) and analysis of press coverage of the legislation/referendum allow for an investigation of the ambiguity of the mandate language and the referendum's consequences on this issue in public discourses. Results Several PHOs/politicians stated during the referendum that “nobody would be vaccinated against their will” and implied that the law would apply, for example, to non-vaccinated healthcare professionals who could be transferred to different care units to protect patients. Such specificities never appeared in the law. Ambiguous language around mandates served as a point of contention around which vaccination critics united and gained political traction. Such criticisms put State actors in the position of needing to more clearly articulate their perspectives. Conclusions With neighboring countries enacting vaccine mandate policies (France, Italy, Germany) in response to resurgence in measles cases, current legislative language leaves the question of mandates open to interpretation

Język prawny i język prawniczy jako przedmiot badań językoznawczych i prawoznawczych w latach 1935–1999

The article describes the state of the research and the directions for thedevelopment of the linguistic and jurisprudential thought including the issueof the legislative language and legal language in the period from 1935 to 1999.

Introduction: how language works in politics

This book examines how language works in democratic politics and how it impacts the effectiveness of policy. Using evidence from the first computer-assisted analysis of all 41.5 million words of legislation enacted from 1900 to 2015, it tracks the major changes in form and function that Parliament's use of language has undergone over time and the reasons for such changes. More importantly, it explores the policy and social implications of changes in legislative language as well as the issue of legislative indeterminacy. This introductory chapter discusses the questions, arguments and aims of the book and reviews the literature on the operation of language in British politics, along with the impact of legislative language on policy effectiveness. It also explains what specifically the book contributes to the existing literature, describes the research design, and provides an overview of the chapters that follow.

Homelessness: how Parliament’s language affects local government duties

This chapter examines how legislative language affects local government duties by looking to homelessness law and policy. To test whether legislative language is a variable for explaining policy effectiveness, and more specifically how indeterminate legislation impacts the accountability of policy delivery, the chapter uses data from local government housing decisions in England and Wales. It first provides a brief history of local government housing provision, placing emphasis on the meaning of ‘homelessness’, as well as the powers and duties of local authorities, before discussing the theory, hypotheses, methodology, data and results of the study. The adjectives ‘vulnerable’ and ‘likely’ were found to exert a strong and statistically significant effect on the delivery of homelessness policy in England after 2002. Both words also affected the recognition rate of individuals fleeing violence or threats of violence in England.