Phase diagram senses orbitals and prompts a fundamental constant

Van der Waals’ discovery of that the volumes of molecules and their intermolecular attraction between them cause the peculiarities of the phase diagrams of gases and liquids1 gave the greatest impact on the progress of science and industry. Unfortunately, the phase charts of solids capable to advance scientific and technical progress remain uncomprehended mystery. Only the certain linear phase boundaries are understood by the struggle of magnetic field B against the thermal agitation2,3. Here we show that the intersection volume of internal atomic orbitals determines the form of phase boundary and, furthermore, energy per unit volume of the intersection is a new fundamental constant v = 8.941 eV/Å3. Together with the known struggle contribution2,3 to TC(B), we found a term proportional to the intersection volume of 3deg and 2p orbitals in the Sm0.55Sr0.45MnO3 manganite. Hysteresis of TC is described by the avalanche-like widening of the intersection volume due to reducing the Coulomb distortion with double-exchange ferromagnetism. The pressure-TC diagram4 of (Sm1-xNdx)0.55Sr0.45MnO3 (x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5) is approximated with the same parameters as the TC(B) diagram of Sm0.55Sr0.45MnO3. Furthermore, the diamond’s melting point 4157oC calculated from the intersection volume of sp3-orbitals is in excellent agreement with the real 4000oC. Tips explaining the puzzling pressure-TN diagrams5-10 of NiS, Ni1-xS1-ySey, BaVS3, V2O3, RNiO3 and ferrites were given. Our discovery is the beginning of condensed-matter geometrodynamics and marks an era of studying phase diagrams to advance condensed-matter physics and tailor new materials with predicted properties necessary in sunrise industries. Moreover, internucleon, interquark and intergluon orbital intersections would be useful for understanding the properties of nuclei, nucleons and quarks.

Numerical modeling and MHD stagnation point flow of ferrofluid (non-Newtonian) with Ohmic heating and viscous dissipation

Ferroliquids are made out of exceptionally tiny nanoscale particles (usually diameter 10 nanometers or less) of hematite, magnetite or some other compound comprising iron and a liquid. This is small enough for thermal agitation to scatter them equally inside a transporter liquid, and for them to contribute to general magnetic response of the liquid. The composition of the typical ferroliquid is about 5% magnetic solids, 10% surfactant and 85% carrier by volume. There are frequent applications of ferrofluids in mechanical and industrial engineering. Ferrofluids have innovative characteristics and their impact in magnetic fields prompts many fascinating applications. Albeit magnetic liquids are already utilized in certain devices they have not yet been abused to any level. It is trusted that this research communication may investigate the analyst to think of considering new uses for this entrancing material. Therefore, modeling is developed for the ferrofluid stagnation flow over a stretched surface with Ohmic heating and dissipation. The Tiwari–Das model is used for mathematical modeling of nanofluid. The nonlinear system of differential equations is first converted into first order and then tackled through the built-in-Shooting method. The impact of the different pertinent flow parameters is discussed on the velocity, temperature, Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient through the various plots and tables.

A Dynamic Escape Problem of Molecular Motors

Animal skeletal muscle exhibits very interesting behavior at near-stall forces (when the muscle is loaded so strongly that it can barely contract). Near this physical limit, the myosin II proteins may be unable to reach advantageous actin binding sites through simple attractive forces. It has been shown that the advantageous utilization of thermal agitation is a likely source for an increased force-production capacity and reach in myosin-V (a processing motor protein), and here we explore the dynamics of a molecular motor without hand-over-hand motion including Brownian motion to show how local elastic energy well boundaries may be overcome. We revisit a spatially two-dimensional mechanical model to illustrate how thermal agitation can be harvested for useful mechanical work in molecular machinery inspired by this biomechanical phenomenon without rate functions or empirically inspired spatial potential functions. Additionally, the model accommodates variable lattice spacing, and it paves the way for a full three-dimensional model of cross-bridge interactions where myosin II may be azimuthally misaligned with actin binding sites. With potential energy sources based entirely on realizable components, this model lends itself to the design of artificial, molecular-scale motors.

Manipulating DNA

This chapter describes the various methods used to manipulate single DNA molecules and the considerations in the choice of one particular method. It starts with a description of DNA end-labelling, necessary to anchor the molecule to surfaces or beads that can be manipulated. A particular application of DNA anchoring is molecular combing, whereby the molecule is stretched on a surface by a receding meniscus. DNA rearrangements and replication bubbles can then be observed by fluorescence on these straightened molecules. It then looks at the forces at the molecular scale, which range from the smallest one due to thermal agitation, to the largest associated with breaking a covalent bond, via entropic and non-covalent bonding forces. It describes the tools used to manipulate single molecules (micro-needles, AFM cantilevers, optical, magnetic, and acoustic tweezers and traps, etc.), comparing their performances in terms of bandwidth and signal to noise (i.e., force and extension resolutions).

A Dynamic Escape Problem of Molecular Motors

Animal skeletal muscle exhibits very interesting behavior at near-stall forces (when the muscle is loaded so strongly that it can barely contract). Near this physical limit, the actinmyosin cross bridges do more work than their energy releasing molecules, Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) suggest they can. It has been shown that the advantageous utilization of thermal agitation is a likely source for this increased capacity. Here, we propose a spatially two-dimensional mechanical model to illustrate how thermal agitation can be harvested for useful mechanical work in molecular machinery without rate functions or empirically-inspired spatial potential functions. Additionally, the model accommodates variable lattice spacing, and it paves the way for a full three dimensional model of cross-bridge interactions where myosin II may be azimuthally misaligned with actin binding sites. With potential energy sources based entirely on realizable components, this model lends itself to the design of artificial, molecular-scale motors.