Predicting intentions to practice COVID-19 preventative behaviors in the United States: A test of the risk perception attitude framework and the theory of normative social behavior

This study examined risk perceptions, efficacy beliefs, social norms, and their interactions as predictors of people’s intention to practice four COVID-19 preventative behaviors among a U.S. sample with quotas on age, sex, ethnicity, and region ( N = 336). This online survey found that perceived injunctive norms predicted intentions to clean and disinfect (β = 0.20), practice social distancing (β = 0.14), and wear a face mask (β = 0.24). Additionally, efficacy beliefs were found to attenuate the association between descriptive norm perceptions and intention to wash hands ( B = −0.15) and wear a face mask( B = −0.12). The results revealed the importance of considering both psychological and social factors to promote COVID-19 preventative behaviors.

How Do Social Network Sites Influence Workout Intentions: A Social Norm Approach

People share their workout experiences on social network sites (SNSs). The present study examined how perceived exposure to these workout-related SNS posts may affect individuals’ engagement in physical activities through perceived descriptive and injunctive norms of workout in their network, and how self-efficacy in workout moderated the effect of perceived descriptive norm on their workout intention, which was measured in general and specific ways. An online survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 807 responses in China. Results show that perceived descriptive norm of workout in one’s network mediated the relationship between perceived exposure to workout-related SNS posts and perceived injunctive norm. In addition, self-efficacy in workout moderated the effect of perceived descriptive norm on workout intention—both general and specific—but the normative influence was stronger at a low level of self-efficacy compared to a high level. Furthermore, perceived injunctive norm only predicted the general rather than specific workout intention, suggesting that the perception of most people’s approval might not be priority when people consider details about workout. These findings develop the theory of normative social behavior by illustrating the relationship between perceived descriptive and injunctive norm and shed light on the relative strength of the motivating factors of workout in different situations.

Factors Influencing Consumer Intention to Subscribe to the Premium Music Streaming Services in China

This study investigates the causes impacting the consumers' intention of the premium music streaming services' subscription in China. An integrated model called the Theory of Streaming Service Acceptance (TSSA) is proposed to explain and predict premium music streaming service subscription behaviors. The TSSA consists of four constructs: attitude, descriptive norm, injunctive norm and perceived behavioral control. The research data was collected in the form of an online survey in China with 120 respondents. Then, interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data from 20 participants. An explanatory sequential mixed method was implemented and the PLS-SEM technique was used to analyze the survey data. The results showed that all constructs in modified research mode, including attitude, injunctive norm and perceived behavioral control except descriptive norm, are indicative predictors for a person’s intention toward premium music streaming services’ subscription. Significant practical inspirations from the perspective of music streaming services providers are also summarized.

Factors Influencing Consumers’ Intention of the Premium Music Streaming Services’ Subscription in China

This study investigates the causes impacting the consumers' intention of the premium music streaming services' subscription in China. An integrated model called the Theory of Streaming Service Acceptance (TSSA) is proposed to explain and predict premium music streaming service subscription behaviors. The TSSA consists of four constructs: attitude, descriptive norm, injunctive norm and perceived behavioral control. The research data was collected in the form of an online survey in China with 120 respondents. Then, interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data from 20 participants. An explanatory sequential mixed method was implemented and the PLS-SEM technique was used to analyze the survey data. The results showed that all constructs in modified research mode, including attitude, injunctive norm and perceived behavioral control except descriptive norm, are indicative predictors for a person’s intention toward premium music streaming services’ subscription. Significant practical inspirations from the perspective of music streaming services providers are also summarized.

Predicting donors’ behavior in contributing to health compared to non-health sectors: an application of revised theory of planned behavior in Iran

Purpose This study aims to predict the behavior of donors to give to the health sector compared with other sectors in Shiraz city, South Iran, using the revised theory of planned behavior (TPB). Design/methodology/approach This was a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study. A standard questionnaire, which comprising 32 items, was used to survey 277 donors affiliated with various charitable associations in the city of Shiraz, South of Iran, in 2018. Participants were selected using stratified sampling and simple random sampling techniques. The authors used a revised TPB, a general model to predict and explain behavior across various types of behaviors and predict behavior based on an individual’s attitudes and beliefs. This model was used to examine the influence of eight social-psychological variables (attitude, perceived behavioral control [PBC], subjective norm, descriptive norm, moral norm, past behavior, intention behavior, self-reported) on an individual’s intention to donate to health sector charity. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 22.0. Findings The score of all constructs of TPB in the health sector was significantly higher than in the non-health sector (P < 0.001), except for the PBC. This indicates that it does not influence the donors’ behavioral intention in selecting of charitable activity domains (e.g. health and non-health). The constructs of the moral norm, descriptive norm and past behavior in the health sector donors; and the constructs of attitude, moral norms and the variables of the annual income, and work experience in the non-health sector donors were identified as significant predictors of donors’ intention behavior. Moreover, attitude, moral norm, descriptive norm, past behavior, male gender and the annual income were the significant predictors of donors’ intention to give to health charity initiatives. Originality/value One of the most important mechanisms to compensate for the shortage of resources of the health system is the use of donors’ participation capacity. However, different donors act differently in selecting charitable activity domains, including the health sector and non-health sector (e.g. school-building donors’ association, house-building donors’ association, city-building donors’ association, library-building donors’ association, etc.). To attract donors’ participation in the health sector, some interventions to change the behavioral intention of donors towards the health sector through constructs of TPB should be taken.

Peran Norma Deskriptif dan Kepribadian terhadap Perilaku Melawan Arah pada Pengendara Sepeda Motor

This study aims to investigate the role of descriptive norms and personality traits in predicting contraflow riding behavior among motorcyclists. A correlational study was conducted to 156 riders who have the active riding licenses, aged 17 to 51 years old. Participants was given validated scenarios to measure descriptive norm and the contraflow riding behavior, and the Indonesian adapted version of the Big Five self-report to measure extraversion and conscientiousness traits. The results show that descriptive norms have a significant role in predicting contraflow riding behavior. Age has also a significant role in predicting contraflow riding behavior. When the riders perceived that many riders perform contraflow behavior and the younger their age, they are more likely to perform the contraflow riding behavior. Based on this study, the policy makers should make a serious effort in developing the descriptive norms to reduce contraflow riding behavior, especially among young motorcyclists.

Is corruption distasteful or just another cost of doing business?

Using data from a lab experiment carried out in Kenya, we show that while “legitimate” costs and costs imposed by corruption both deter investment, the latter is no more of a disincentive than the former. We interpret the evidence as consistent with the conclusion that our participants viewed corruption as just another cost of doing business. We also experimented with giving participants in some treatments information about the corruption expectations of participants in previous sessions and the actual extent of corruption in previous sessions. We find some evidence that the objective information actually increased investment without changing the participants’ own expectations regarding corruption. That result is compatible with the idea that revealing the level of corruption changes the descriptive norm and facilitates investment in a corrupt environment.

Delivering School-Based Sexuality Education: Examining Determinants of Teachers' Intention To Teach, Co-Teach or Invite a Sexual Health Educator

BackgroundSchools need to collaborate with health network to actualize their important role in promoting sexual health among students. Studies focus on determinants of teacher’s intention to deliver sexuality education (SE), but do not take into consideration the specificity of the action and the context, i.e., the multiple teaching strategies they could choose. Teachers can deliver SE by (a) teaching students alone, (b) co-teaching, (c) inviting a sexual health educator in their classroom. The purpose of this study is to investigate the psychosocial determinants of teachers' intention to deliver SE in any of those roles, using a theory-based approach.MethodsGodin's (2012) health behavior change theoretical framework - an integrated version of Ajzen's planned behavior theoretical framework, Triandis's interpersonal behaviors, and Banduras's social cognitive theory - was used to measure teachers' intentions and determinants to do SE. A 66-minute online questionnaire was sent to teachers at a school service center in Quebec. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between the independent variables (determinants of intention) and the intention to teach alone SE, co-teach, or invite a sexual health educator.ResultsA total of 295 teachers from 51 elementary and 12 secondary schools were selected for analyses. Nearly 40% (39.9%) of the study participants had a favorable intention to teach SE alone to their students, 36.2% by co-teaching and 76.5% by inviting a sexual health educator. The main predictors of intention were respectively: a) for the teaching SE alone model (R2=58%): self-efficacy in sexual health education (OR = 6.07; p < .001), followed by moral norm (OR = 5.35; p < .001), descriptive norm (OR = 3.37; p < .01), comfort teaching the SE curriculum (OR = 3.09; p < .01), and past experience (OR = 2.89; p < .01). Age was also negatively associated with the outcome variable (OR = 0.92; p < .001). b) For the co-teaching model (R2=46%): moral norm (OR = 7.97; p < .001), followed by educational attainment (OR = 3.40; p < .05), teaching multi-age or multi-grade groups (OR = 2.36; p < .05), and self-efficacy with working in partnership (OR = 1.27; p < .05). Further, age (OR = .93; p < .001) and gender (OR = .44; p < .05) were negatively associated with the outcome variable. c) For the inviting sexual health educator model (R2=55%): moral norm (OR = 3.81; p < .001), followed by anticipated regret (OR = 2.45; p < .05), and descriptive norm (OR = 2.38; p < .05). Teachers who reported feeling comfortable teaching the SE curriculum (OR = .45; p < .05) were less likely to intend inviting a sexual health educator.ConclusionsResults indicate that determinants of teacher intention are relatively distinct depending on whether teachers make the decision to teach SE to their students alone, co-teach, or invite a sexual health educator in their classroom. The study further suggests complementary strategies being adopted by schools to optimize implementation of SE program.