VaSDC1 Is Involved in Modulation of Flavonoid Metabolic Pathways in Black and Red Seed Coats in Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis L.)

Seed coat colour is an important nutritional quality trait. Variations in anthocyanins and flavonoids induce the diversity of seed coat colour in adzuki bean (Vigna angularis L.). Red seed coat and black seed coat are important adzuki bean cultivars. Insights into the differences of flavonoid metabolic pathways between black and red adzuki bean are significant. In this study, we explored that the difference in seed coat colour between the red (Jingnong6) and the black (AG118) is caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins. The RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and real-time reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR results showed that the Vigna angularis L. seed coat color (VaSDC1) gene, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, should be the key gene to regulate the black and red seed coat colours. In three different colouring staes of seed development, VaSDC1 was specifically expressed in the black seed coat (AG118) landrace, which activates the structural genes of flavonoid metabolic pathways. As a result, this caused a substantial accumulation of anthocyanins and created a dark blue-black colour. In the red (Jingnong6) seed coat variety, low expression levels of VaSDC1 resulted in a lower accumulation of anthocyanins than in AG118. In addition, VaSDC1 was genetically mapped in the interval between simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers Sca326-12, Sca326-4, and BAgs007 on chromosome 3 using an F4 segregating population derived from the cross between Jingnong6 and AG118. These results will facilitate the improvement of nutritional quality breeding in adzuki beans.

Genetic analysis of seed coat colour in adzuki bean (Vigna angularis L.)

Seed coat colour is an important quality trait, domestication trait and morphological marker, and is closely associated with flavonoid and anthocyanin metabolism pathways. The seed coat colour of adzuki bean, an important legume crop, influences the processing quality of its paste, the commodity and its nutritional quality. In this study, the genetic relationships of seed coat colour were analysed using 12 hybridized combinations of F2 individuals and four F3 families derived from hybridized combinations between the accessions of eight seed coat colours. The loci of the colour traits were analysed based on phenotypes and using the chi-square test. Ivory colour is recessive to red and is controlled by a single R locus. Black, black mottle on grey, black mottle on red, light brown, golden and brown are all dominant to red. The phenotypes of black mottle on red, light brown, golden and brown are all controlled by a single genetic locus. Black mottle on grey is controlled by two loci. Black is controlled with two loci, and the black locus shows dominant epistasis to another locus. A genetic model of these seed coat colours was predicted. Our results will be important for gene mapping and cloning of seed coat colour characters and for providing further insight into the regulatory network of seed coat colour.

Correlation in Seed Coat Colour and Pod Colour of French Bean Collected form Garhwal Himalayas

Uttarakhand is one of the most important sources of French bean and the landraces grown throughout Uttarakhand are valuable sources of genes for breeding Programme and evolutionary studies. The objective of our experiment was to study about the correlation between pod colour and seed coat colour. Thirty accessions of French bean were collected from different districts of Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. Two years field trials (2019 and 2020) were conducted and the seed and pod data were recorded. Frequency distribution, UPGMA cluster analysis and Mantel correlogram revealed that the accession whose pod colour was green (without any pattern), their seeds were also plane while the accessions whose pods were carrying some pattern or stripes their pods were also textured or mottled. The knowledge of correlation between seeds and pods can be used in French bean breeding Programme. The knowledge could be used to identify within accession variability in French bean germplasm to protect each type from extinction

AAC Lorlie maple pea

AAC Lorlie is a maple pea variety developed at Lacombe Research and Development Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. It has large seeds with one-thousand-seed weight of 236-269 g. The seed coat colour of AAC Lorlie has mottled brown patterns on a light sage background, and cotyledon colour of AAC Lorlie is yellow. The variety reaches maturity 100-101 days after seeding. It has a pre-harvesting lodging score of 5.4-6.6 on a 0-9 scale. The variety is resistant to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi Syd..

Verification of Soybean Seed Coat Colour Specific Markers Reveals I Loci Specific Markers Capable for Distinguishing Genotypes Differing in Seed Coated Colour

Background: In soybean yellow seed coat is preferred in the market, however, colored ones are currently gaining attention because of their medicinal and nutritive values; besides. Hence it is essential to breed varieties with desired seed coat colour. Methods: Twelve genotypes with six each having yellow and black seed coats were screened with fourteen primers linked to seed coat colour governing loci. Result: Out of them twelve primers showed polymorphism. Monomorphism was observed with both T loci specific and two of the three R loci specific primers. However I locus specific primers i.e. SM303, SM305 and TR showed polymorphism shared by their seed coat color. SM303 amplified a 180 bp sized band in yellow seed coated genotypes and a 130 bp band in black seed coated genotypes. SM305 amplified dual bands with a 200bp band being monomorphic and an additional band (192-216 bp range) present in only yellow seed coated genotypes, of which a 208 bp band was shared by four yellow seed coated genotypes. Cold induced seed coat discoloration specific TR primer generated bands of different size ranges in yellow seed coated (336-344 bp) and black seed coated genotypes (300-320), of which a 340 bp band was shared by four yellow seed coated genotypes.

Genotypic variation for phenolic compounds in developing and whole seeds, and storage conditions influence visual seed quality of yellow dry bean genotypes

Seed coat colour is an important determinant of the visual quality of dry beans, as seeds are sold as a dry commodity. Phenolic compounds have a major effect on the colour of bean seeds. The objectives of the study were to determine the changes in phenolic compounds during seed development and in whole seeds of yellow bean genotypes with contrasting seed coat colour, and the effects of storage temperature and duration on seed phenolics and colour. Condensed tannin, phenolic acid, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were observed as early as 10 d after flowering in the developing seeds of Arikara Yellow, which darken at harvest and during postharvest storage. In contrast, for CDC Sol and AAC Y073 seeds which remain yellow, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were consistently low. Seed brightness (L*) and yellow colour (b*) were negatively correlated with phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, and conversely seed redness (a*) was positively correlated with phenolic compounds, confirming a negative influence of phenolic compounds on seed coat colour. Yellow bean genotypes had low anthocyanin but were high in β-carotene. Storage temperature influenced condensed tannin and seed coat colour, whereas the duration of storage influenced phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and seed coat colour. Higher temperatures (20 or 30 °C) and longer storage duration (120 or 180 d) generally resulted in darker seeds with increasing redness compared with seeds stored at 6 °C or for 60 d. AAC Y073 and CDC Sol with improved seed coat colour may increase consumer preference, value, and marketability of yellow beans.

Inheritance of black seed coat colour in lentil

The purpose of the research was to determine the inheritance of black seed coat colour in lentil variety ‘Beluga’. The seeds collected from F1 plants in cross of ‘Rauza’ (yellow seeds) × ‘Beluga’ (black seeds) were of grey colour with black mottles. F2 ratio of nonblack and black seeds was 62:6, which corresponded to 15:1 dihybrid segregation. It is concluded that the black seed coat colour of ‘Beluga’ is controlled by two dominant genes.

Inheritance of coloured stripes on the flower standard and their association with seed coat colour in common bean

The genetics of the presence of coloured stripes on the flower standard in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied. One dominant gene was involved in the presence of purple stripes in PR1144-5/‘Badillo’ and 92BG-7/‘Verano’ populations. Furthermore, flowers without purple stripes co-segregated with light red and white seeds in both populations, respectively, and might be used as a morphological marker to select plants with these seed coat colours. This practice should avoid expenses in the field and (or) greenhouse to conserve plants until harvesting.