Tylocinum is no longer monotypic: Tylocinum brevisporum sp. nov. (Boletales, Boletaceae) from northern Thailand

Tylocinum Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2016 is a Boletaceae genus belonging in subfamily Leccinoideae. It was described in 2016 from China and, prior to this study, it contained only one species, T. griseolum Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2016. During our survey of Boletaceae from Thailand, we collected some specimens that could be identified as a Tylocinum species, different from T. griseolum. The bolete specimens, collected in forests dominated by Dipterocarpaceae and Fagaceae in northern Thailand, are described as Tylocinum brevisporum Raghoonundon & Raspé sp. nov. Macroscopic and microscopic descriptions with illustrations are provided, as well as a 3-gene phylogeny, which confirms the new taxon’s position in Tylocinum. Tylocinum brevisporum differs from the only other known Tylocinum species (T. griseolum) by its brownish-grey colour, greyish-orange to brownish-orange colour change in the hymenophore when bruised, smaller pores (≤ 0.5 mm), longer tubes (up to 6 mm long), shorter and narrower basidiospores, longer and broader basidia and longer pleurocystidia relative to cheilocystidia. T. brevisporum is the second species from the genus Tylocinum and the only one to be found outside China thus far.

Ethnocultural origin of the Word са́ра (“pike”) in the Old Ukrainian language

The article studies the motivational processes of the emergence of the old Ukrainian fishing professionalism са́ра, used to denote pike in the language of Zaporozhian Cossacks. The relevance of the research is determined by the importance of analysing names that reflect ethno-cultural stereotypes, the original semantics of which dates back to the Indo-European period. To identify the mechanisms of formation of the semantic model, according to which the word “са́ра” “pike” is formed, the diachronic method of research (according to the principle of relative chronology) was used together with the linguo-cultural analysis, which proved that: ichthyonymic metaphorization (creation of the figurative name of a fish) was most likely preceded by paronymic attraction (phonetic and semantic convergence of a name of a colour with a female name of ancient Jewish origin) with subsequent metaphorization of the stereotyped name of a Jew as an ichthyonym. Undoubtedly, the paronymic attraction was also facilitated by the mutilation of the noun component of the attributive phrase са́ра (шара) fish, since fishing nouns as derivatives of two-lexemic analytical nouns can be traced in temporal and spatial dimensions in various lexical-semantic groups of fishing names: варовый [tax], свôйска [marine], сьвітова́ [tonya], ка́мбалові [fish], лососе́ві [fish], etc. Thus, the archaic fishing professionalism of са́ра “pike” is connected with the old Ukrainian names of achromatic grey colour сѣрый and шарый, fitting into the motivational model «the name of the animal by the colour of its fur, feathers, scales». The colour name itself as a basis for metaphorical transference reaches the common Indo-European lexical fund and in the historical dimension combines the meaning of «dark» and «light», realising in the ancient and old Ukrainian ideology the idea of darkness and light, where the «dark side» is the image of a person of a different religion with his or her social and ethno-confessional differences, in particular, the colour of clothing. The researched material encourages further study of the Old Ukrainian lexicon in the aspect of the formation of ethno-ideological bases.

Acral lentiginous melanoma in situ: dermoscopic features and management strategy

Diagnosis of acral lentiginous melanoma in situ (ALMIS) is challenging. However, data regarding ALMIS are limited in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and dermoscopic features of ALMIS on palmoplantar surfaces. Patients with ALMIS and available dermoscopic images were retrospectively reviewed at our institution between January 2013 and February 2020. Clinical and dermoscopic features were analysed and compared between small (< 15 mm) and large (≥ 15 mm) ALMIS. Twenty-one patients with ALMIS were included in this study. Mean patient age was 58.5 (range 39–76) years; most lesions were located on the sole (90.5%). The mean maximal diameter was 19.9 ± 13.7 mm (mean ± standard deviation). Statistical analysis of dermoscopic features revealed that parallel ridge patterns (54.5% vs. 100%, P = 0.035), irregular diffuse pigmentation (27.3% vs. 100%, P = 0.001) and grey colour (18.2% vs. 90%, P = 0.002) were significantly less frequent in small lesions than in large lesions. We have also illustrated two unique cases of small ALMIS; their evolution and follow-up dermoscopic examination are provided. In conclusion, this study described detailed dermoscopic findings of ALMIS. Based on the present study and a review of the literature, we proposed a dermoscopic algorithm for the diagnosis of ALMIS.

The influence of total base ink coverage on the uniformity of digital prints overprinted with pearlescent inks

Print uniformity is an important parameter that can determine perceived quality of a printed product. If the product is of low print uniformity, its quality is often regarded as non-satisfactory. In this work we were interested in the uniformity of electrophotography prints overprinted with inks containing pearlescent pigments. Our goal was to determine whether the overall print uniformity was influenced by the total base ink coverage i.e. the ink coverage of the printing substrate before pigments were applied to it. Hence, three scenarios were considered: when pearlescent inks were printed over the unprinted paper, previously printed grey, and black colour patch. Nine different types of pearlescent pigments, dispersed in a transparent ink vehicle, were screen printed over the paper and the previously printed patches of grey and black colour. The base colours were printed in electrophotography. The uniformity of prints obtained in such a manner was determined by calculating GLCM parameters that were shown to correlate well with human perception of uniformity. It was shown that overprinting the electrophotography prints with pearlescent inks significantly decreased the uniformity of prints with black base colour and slightly improved the uniformity of those with grey colour. When pearlescent inks were printed over the paper, the uniformity did not change significantly. Observing the print uniformity of overprinted samples, the best results were obtained when pearlescent inks were printed directly to the paper, following the cases when they were printed over the grey and black prints. It is therefore concluded that the total base ink coverage has significant effect on the uniformity of electrophotography prints overprinted with pearlescent inks. The results indicate poor adhesion of the ink vehicle used as a carrier for pearlescent pigments to electrophotographic toner.

Bowlesite, PtSnS, a new platinum group mineral (PGM) from the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa

Bowlesite is a new mineral discovered in the Merensky Reef of the Rustenburg Platinum Mine, Bushveld complex, South Africa. Bowlesite forms tiny grains (maximum dimension 20 μm). It is associated with sulfides including chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and pentlandite, in contact with silicates including plagioclase, pyroxene- and minor serpentine-subgroup and amphibole-supergroup minerals. Bowlesite is brittle and has a metallic lustre. In plane-polarised light, bowlesite has a light bluish grey colour. It shows weak bireflectance, no pleochroism and has weak anisotropism. Internal reflections were not observed. Reflectance values of bowlesite in air (R1, R2 in %) are: 50.3–51.4 at 470 nm, 48.5–48.9 at 546 nm, 47.9–48.6 at 589 nm and 47.8–48.7 at 650 nm. Ten spot analyses of bowlesite give the average composition: Pt 56.85, Pd 0.02, Sn 34.03 and S 9.15, total 100.05 wt.%, corresponding to the empirical formula (Pt1.001Pd0.001)Σ1.002Sn0.997S1.001, based on 3 atoms per formula unit. The simplified formula is PtSnS. Due to the small size of bowlesite, the crystal structure was solved and refined from the powder X-ray-diffraction data of synthetic PtSnS. The calculated density is 10.06 g⋅cm–3. The mineral is orthorhombic, space group: Pca21 (#29) with a = 6.11511(10), b = 6.12383(10), c = 6.09667(11) Å, V = 228.31(1) Å3 and Z = 4. Bowlesite is isotypic with cobaltite, CoAsS. The origin of bowlesite is probably related to low-T exsolution of Pt–Sn phases from high-T sulfides crystallised from the sulfide melt. The mineral honours Dr. John Bowles (Manchester University, UK) for his contributions to ore mineralogy and mineral deposits related to mafic–ultramafic rocks.

Inheritance of black seed coat colour in lentil

The purpose of the research was to determine the inheritance of black seed coat colour in lentil variety ‘Beluga’. The seeds collected from F1 plants in cross of ‘Rauza’ (yellow seeds) × ‘Beluga’ (black seeds) were of grey colour with black mottles. F2 ratio of nonblack and black seeds was 62:6, which corresponded to 15:1 dihybrid segregation. It is concluded that the black seed coat colour of ‘Beluga’ is controlled by two dominant genes.

Neck Melanoma: Clinical, Dermoscopic and Confocal Features

Background: The head and neck are considered one single anatomical unit. No data on clinical, dermoscopic and confocal aspects of neck melanoma are currently available. Objectives: To identify clinical, dermoscopic and confocal diagnostic features of neck melanomas. Methods: Consecutive malignant (cases) and benign (controls) melanocytic skin lesions located on the neck, excised as suspected of being melanoma from March 2011 to February 2018, were retrospectively retrieved. Dermoscopic criteria of the 7-point checklist, integrated by other melanoma features (such as grey colour and irregular hyperpigmented areas) were assessed. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) images were examined when available. Results: 282 lesions located to the head and neck area were biopsied to rule out melanoma. Thirty-one out of 282 (11%) lesions were located on the neck: 21 melanomas and 10 naevi. Melanoma patients were older than patients with naevi (mean age: 60.4 vs. 37.9 years, p < 0.001). Neck melanomas were more frequently located on sun-damaged skin compared to naevi (76.2 vs. 30%, p = 0.02). Dermoscopically, neck melanomas were characterized by irregular dots/globules, grey colour and regression (76.2, 81 and 46.7% of cases) and showed criteria of lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) in 52.4% of cases. Regression, grey colour, irregular hyperpigmented areas and criteria of LMM typified melanomas on sun-damaged skin, whereas tumours located on non-sun-damaged areas were often characterized by irregular pigmentation (blotches). RCM, implemented to dermoscopy, correctly diagnosed 10/12 melanomas and 3/5 naevi. Conclusion: Neck melanoma has peculiar clinical and dermoscopic aspects that could help clinicians to distinguish it from naevi and to diagnose melanoma earlier.

Colouristic Analysis of Russian Orders

In addition to the symbolism, compositional laconism and colour palette are important for the visual perception of an order. The combination of colours is the first thing perceived by the human eye. This article offers an analysis, based on colour science and colouristics, of the colours and their combinations used to create orders. The work examines three periods of the Russian order: the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and modern Russia. Gold, silver, platinum, and sometimes copper are used in the manufacture of orders. Each of these metals has its own colour: gold is golden yellow, silver and platinum are of silver-grey colour, and copper is golden pink. The colour of the enamel may be ruby red, white, blue, grey, black and green. All orders are divided into four groups. Orders for which only one colour is used are in the first group. These are orders made of one type of metal without the use of enamel. The second group includes awards to which, in addition to the base metal, enamel or the second metal is added. Orders consisting of three colours are in the third group; orders with four colours or more are in the fourth group. An order which is made using only ruby red enamel can be considered an example of a good and concise combination. The classic combination of the silver-grey metal with red enamel works very well. The yellow colour of the metal matches with the red one, creating a bright festive palette. The same as the combination of the saturated and the neutral, the golden yellow goes well with the silver-grey. In addition to the base metals, such as silver and enamel, gilding is used in other awards. As a rule, red is dominant in such orders; some elements are gilded but the silver-grey colour balances the bright combination of red and golden. The next category of orders with four or more colours can be divided into two subgroups. The first subgroup includes orders with one or two dominant colours whereas orders with four or more colours, distributed relatively evenly, are in the second one. Having analysed the orders of the three historical periods of Russia, the following conclusions can be drawn: the royal orders are more conservative, the most interesting colour combinations are from the Soviet era, the modern awards have largely lost the experience of previous generations.

INFLUENCE OF BUILDINGS EXTERIOR ON THE LANDSCAPE OF THE NEMUNAS DELTA REGIONAL PARK

Protected areas were established in Lithuania in order to preserve not only the natural and cultural heritage, landscape and biodiversity, but the landscape and ecological balance, the genetic fund, to restore the natural resources and to provide educational recreation, research and environmental monitoring as well as the promotion of natural and cultural heritage protection. The Nemunas Delta Regional Park was established to preserve the lower Nemunas landscape, the natural ecosystem and cultural heritage values, and manage them rationally. Protected areas residents seek to reconstruct, modernize the existing buildings, in such a way the landscape is being changing. The evaluation of the structures belonging to one hundred park’s homesteads showed that the existing older buildings roof covering is from grey asbestos slates (56 %). In recent years, ceramic tiles and non-asbestos slates are being increasingly used as roofing material, wood (characteristic for grey colour) is usually used for building wall decoration (48 %). These colours correspond to the regulated by the park management regulations. The Regional Park landscape is blemished by the ruins of abandoned buildings, individual illegal structures, unsuitable colours selected for building exteriors decoration, the recommended window division into four or six sections is not being kept to.